Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Improves Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular FunctionNovelty and Significance by Stefano F. Rimoldi,

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Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Improves Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular FunctionNovelty and Significance by Stefano F. Rimoldi, Sebastian Ott, Emrush Rexhaj, Stefano F. de Marchi, Yves Allemann, Matthias Gugger, Urs Scherrer, and Christian Seiler Hypertension Volume 66(5):1050-1057 October 7, 2015 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transesophageal echocardiography long-axis images as obtained without echo contrast bubbles (A) in a patient with patent foramen ovale (arrow). Transesophageal echocardiography long-axis images as obtained without echo contrast bubbles (A) in a patient with patent foramen ovale (arrow). The lower panel images show the bulging of the interatrial septum toward the right atrium (RA; B) and the bulging of the interatrial septum toward the left atrium (LA; C) with spontaneous right-to-left echo contrast shunt in this patient with atrial septal aneurysm. Stefano F. Rimoldi et al. Hypertension. 2015;66:1050-1057 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difference between apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) at 3-months follow-up examination minus AHI at baseline (delta AHI, vertical axis) in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) at baseline and in patients without PFO. Box plots and error bars indicate the median and interquartile range and 10% and 90% confidence intervals, respectively. Difference between apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) at 3-months follow-up examination minus AHI at baseline (delta AHI, vertical axis) in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) at baseline and in patients without PFO. Box plots and error bars indicate the median and interquartile range and 10% and 90% confidence intervals, respectively. Stefano F. Rimoldi et al. Hypertension. 2015;66:1050-1057 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) at baseline and 3-months follow-up in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) and without PFO (A). Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) at baseline and 3-months follow-up in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) and without PFO (A). Correlation between changes of apnea–hypopnea index (delta AHI, follow-up minus baseline) and FMD changes (delta FMD, follow-up minus baseline) in patients with PFO (•) and without PFO (▽; B). Systolic nighttime blood pressure (BP) at baseline and 3-months follow-up in patients with FPO and without PFO (C). Early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E′) at baseline and 3-months follow-up in patients with FPO and without PFO (D). Box plots and error bars indicate the median and interquartile range and 10% and 90% confidence intervals, respectively. Cross signs indicate the mean value. Stefano F. Rimoldi et al. Hypertension. 2015;66:1050-1057 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.