Compounds made by living things All contain carbon Large & complex ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds made by living things All contain carbon Large & complex

CARBOHYDRATES Include sugars, starches, glycogen, & cellulose Contain C, H, O Building unit is GLUCOSE Function is to PROVIDE ENERGY (released from glucose during respiration)

GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES ONE SUGAR UNIT Glucose, Fructose, Galactose C6H12O6 DISACCHARIDES TWO SUGAR UNITS Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose C12H22O11

POLYSACCHARIDES MANY SUGAR UNITS Complex carbohydrates Starches, cellulose, glycogen CELLULOSE = FIBER indigestible parts of plants GLYCOGEN = ANIMAL STARCH…stored in liver when there is too much sugar in blood

LIPIDS Fats, oils, steroids, cholesterol Contain C, H, O Insoluble in water Building unit is GLYCEROL & FATTY ACIDS Function is to STORE ENERGY; AID IN DIGESTION; PROVIDE INSULATION

GROUPS OF LIPIDS FATS: triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids) Primarily for storing energy Can easily be formed from excess carbohydrates SATURATED—UNSAUTRATED-- POLYUNSATURATED

SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED SATURATED FATS (no double bonds b/w C & H); less energy needed to break them down; stored in the body more easily; UNSATURATED FATS (double bonds) more energy needed to break down—less likely to store; Healthier! POLYUNSATURATED: many double bonds; Healthiest!

PHOSHOLIPIDS 2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate Make up cell structures like the cell membrane Phosphate head is hydrophilic; lipid end is hydrophobic

STEROIDS 4 carbon ring structure Cholesterol Sex hormones Adrenal hormones Cholesterol can be good or bad. LDL can clog arteries; HDL helps to remove LDL from body

PROTEINS HEMOGLOBIN Red blood cells MUSCLE ANTIBODIES HAIR INSULIN ENZYMES

PROTEINS Contain C H O N Building block is amino acids (20 different) EX: Hair; muscle; blood (hemoglobin); antibodies; collagen (skin); enzymes, insulin FUNCTION: structural components (make up living things) and functional components (carry out cell processes)

Structure of Proteins Amino Acid: contains AMINE group (NH2) and ORGANIC ACID group (COOH) 2 amino acids join to form a dipeptide Bond is a PEPTIDE bond Many amino acids are polypeptides (or PROTEINS)

CONFORMATION Proteins fold into complex 3-D shapes These shapes determine the function LONG/FIBROUS (hair & muscle) give STRUCTURE

GLOBULAR enzymes, hemoglobin, protein carriers/receptors) carry out FUNCTION

ENZYMES Protein catalysts Speed up rate of metabolic reactions Specific in their function Not used up Substance they work on is called the SUBSTRATE

How Enzymes Work Lower amount of activation energy needed to start reactions Sometimes need a cofactor (Cu, Zn, Fe) or Coenzyme (A, B-12, C, D; vitamins) to work properly; Can be altered by heat, radiation, electricity, pH, chemicals (changes the shape of the enzyme… enzyme said to be DENATURED)

ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA & RNA Contain C, H, O, N, P Building block is the nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base) Contain Genes and direct cell processes