The 6 Major Perspectives -method of classifying a collection of ideas to study behaviors and/or mental processes -also called “schools of thought”, frameworks or approaches
The Psychodynamic Approach Focuses on how behavior is affected by unconscious drives (dreams, etc.) and conflicts Behavior is explained through unconscious motivation and unresolved inner conflicts from one’s childhood - It is also known as the Psychoanalytic or Freudian approach
Famous Psychodynamic Psychologists Sigmund Freud* Carl Jung* Alfred Adler Karen Horney
The Behavioral Approach Focuses on how we learn through rewards, punishment & observation (relies observable behaviors, not internal processes like the unconscious) Behavior is explained by previous learning (conditioning)
Famous Behaviorists Ivan Pavlov* John B. Watson* Edward Thorndike B.F. Skinner* Albert Bandura
The Humanistic Approach Focuses on development & how healthy people strive to reach their full potential (self-actualization) Behavior is explained as being motivated by satisfying basic needs (hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of reaching one’s full potential once basic needs are met. Behaviors are tied to feelings of self-worth.
Famous Humanists Abraham Maslow* Carl Rogers* Harry Harlow Mary Ainsworth Erik Erikson
The Cognitive Approach Focuses on how people interpret & mentally process their experiences Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation - Mental processes = cognitions = thoughts, feelings, expectations, perceptions, memories, etc.
Famous Cognitive Psychologists Jean Piaget* Hermann Ebbinghaus Elizabeth Loftus* Howard Gardner*
The Biological Approach Focuses on how our biological structures and substances underlie behaviors Behavior is explained by the workings & interrelationships of the brain, nervous system & endocrine system A subdivision is the Evolutionary Approach which focuses on the fact that behavior is hereditary & adaptive (coded in genes & has developed over time)
Famous Biological Psychologists William James & Carl Lange* Stanley Schachter Walter Cannon Hans Selye* & Philip Bard
The Socio-Cultural Approach Focuses on how our thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation Behavior is explained by the influence of other people and social context &/or culture
Famous Social Psychologists Stanley Milgram* Phillip Zimbardo* Solomon Asch* Muzafer Sherif
Psychologist v. Psychiatrist Psychologist – branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders (requires an advanced degree) Psychiatrist – branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders (requires a medical degree - can prescribe drugs )
Clinical vs. Counseling Counseling psychologists deal with “normal” problems, such as stress caused by career change or marital problems Counseling psychologist’s focus more on the psychologically healthy individual where clinical focuses on individuals with serious mental illness (e.g. schizophrenia). Clinical psychologists are concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders Split time between treatment and researching the cause of psychological disorders and the effectiveness of different types of psychotherapy and counseling.
Summary Structuralism = structure of mind Functionalism = function of mind Gestalt = perceptual wholes (the big picture) Behavioral = conditioning & observable actions Psychodynamic = unconscious mind Humanistic = development & self-fulfillment Biological = brain, nervous & endocrine systems Evolutionary = genetics Cognitive = thought/mental processes Socio-Cultural = social behaviors Used introspection
Our First Formative! Don’t stress! We’re going to do the Formative as follows: On Zipgrade – bubble it in When you’re done, raise your hand and I’ll bring you an iRespond handheld remote to click it in.
Shift into Test Mode! Test Mode: Power down all electronics and put them AWAY/AWAY (zero temptation!) No talking No squawking (no disruptions) No walking around (raise your hand & I’ll come to you) No gawking (eyes on your own paper)