Проценка на кардиоваскуларен ризик и препораки за третман

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Проценка на кардиоваскуларен ризик и препораки за третман

Фактори коишто влијаат на КВ ризик Не модифицирачки ризик фактори (фактори на коишто не може да се влијае): пол, возраст, генетска предиспозиција, раса Mодифицирачки ризик фактори (фактори на коишто може да се влијае) : животен стил, пушење, физичка активност, начин на исхрана, прекумерна тежина, дијабет, хипертензија, хиперлипидемија При проценка на КВ ризик, факторите не се собираат, туку се множат The major established risk factors meet three criteria: a high prevalence in many populations; a significant independent impact on the risk of coronary heart disease or stroke; and their treatment and control result in reduced risk. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease are now significant in all populations. Some major risks are modifiable in that they can be prevented, treated, and controlled. There are considerable health benefits at all ages, for both men and women, in stopping smoking, reducing cholesterol and blood pressure, eating a healthy diet and increasing physical activity. ↑Ризик Фактори = ↑ КВ ризик пол возраст навики Хипертензија Хиперлипидемија Reference: 1. WHO Atlas on heart disease and stroke. Risk factors. Available online. 2. Waring SW. Cardiovascular Risk Management. Elsevier Health Sciences 2006; 17.

Проценка на вкупниот ризик кај секој пациент поединечно ↑ SCORE = ↑ КВ ризик Според КВ ризик (пресметан со употреба на SCORE*) пациентите може да се поделат во следните групи: 10% 5% 1% МНОГУ ВИСОК РИЗИК: SCORE > 10% ВИСОК РИЗИК: SCORE ≥ 5% и < 10% The new guidelines focus on the SCORE for assessing individual patients total risk The higher the risk the greater the benefit from preventive efforts, which guides the following priorities: 1. Very high risk Subjects with any of the following: Documented CVD, previous myocardial infarction, ACS, coronary revascularization (PCI, CABG), and other arterial revascularization procedures, ischaemic stroke, peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2) with one or more CV risk factors and/or target organ damage (such as microalbuminuria:30–300 mg/24 h). Severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) (GFR ,30 mL/min/1.73 m2). A calculated SCORE ≥10%. 2. High risk Markedly elevated single risk factors such as familial dyslipidaemias and severe hypertension. Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2) but without CV risk factors or target organ damage. Moderate chronic kidney disease (GFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2). A calculated SCORE of ≥5% and ,10% for 10-year risk of fatal CVD. 3. Moderate risk Subjects are considered to be at moderate risk when their SCORE is ≥1 and ,5% at 10 years. Many middle-aged subjects belong to this category. This risk is further modulated by factors mentioned above. 4. Low risk The low-risk category applies to individuals with a SCORE ,1% and free of qualifiers that would put them at moderate risk. These risk categories are compatible with the joint European Atherosclerosis Society/ESC lipid guidelines.70 The joint guidelines offer further advice on lipid intervention based on these risk categories. In younger persons, a low absolute risk may conceal a very high relative risk (relative risk charts), and use of the relative risk chart or calculation of their ‘risk age’ may help in advising them of the need for intensive lifestyle efforts. The risk age of a person with several cardiovascular risk factors is the age of a person with the same level of risk but with ideal levels of risk factors. Thus a high-risk 40 year old may have a risk age of…. Risk age is an intuitive and easily understood way of illustrating the likely reduction in life expectancy that a young person with a low absolute but high relative risk of cardiovascular disease will be exposed to if preventive measures are not adopted. УМЕРЕН РИЗИК: SCORE ≥ 1% и < 5% НИЗОК РИЗИК: SCORE < 1% *SCORE – Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation Project Electronic version of SCORE charts The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Aivalable on: http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/GuidelinesDocuments/guidelines CVD-prevention.pdf (31.5.2012) 3

План за превенција на КВБ кај пациенти со проценет ризик ФАРМАЦЕВТСКИ ТРЕТМАН <5% ≥10% Aтеросклероза Дијабет Хронична бубрежна инсуфициенција ЖИВОТЕН СТИЛ Ризик Фактори Ризик фактори Асимптоматски пациенти Примарна превенција Cекундарна превенција

Пристап кај пациент со умерен КВ ризик Случај: Жена, 57 год. непушач Третман на ХТА ТА 150/100 mmHg Липиден статус: TC 6.1 mmol/L TG 0.9 mmol/L Третман на Хиперлипидемија LDL 4.6 mmol/L HDL 1.1 mmol/L Умерен Ризик LDL-c < 3.0 mmol/l SCORE ≥ 1% and 5% References: 1. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias.EHJ 2011. 2

Хипертензијата и хиперлипидемијата најчесто одат рака под рака Повеќе од 50% oд пациентите со хипертензија имаат и хиперлипидемија. 50%

Истовремениот третман на хипертензијата и хиперлипидемијата доведува до значително намалување на ризикот ↓ 10% КВ ризик ↓ СКП за15 mm Hg ↓ TC за 0,6 mmol/l ↓ 10% КВ ризик ↓ СКП +↓ TC ↓ 45% КВ ризик Минималното истовремено намалување на вредностите на крвниот притисок и липидите значително го редуцира КВ ризик.

Редукцијата на LDL холестеролот е примарна цел во превенција на КВБ. ESC Guidelines on CVD prevention, 2012 Reference: The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). European Heart Journal 2012; 33(13): 1635-1701. Available from: http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/GuidelinesDocuments/guidelines-CVD-prevention.pdf [7.10.2013] a bi bila narejena kot listi . Najprej se prikaže ta tekst nato se list obrne in se prikaže teks iz naslednjega lista.

Статините се терапија од избор за редукција на нивоата на LDL холестеролот. ESC Guidelines on CVD prevention, 2012 Reference: The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). European Heart Journal 2012; 33(13): 1635-1701. Available from: http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/GuidelinesDocuments/guidelines-CVD-prevention.pdf [7.10.2013]

Редукцијата на LDL-c со статини го намалува КВ ризик Atoris InfoZoom presentation 20.9.2018 Редукцијата на LDL-c со статини го намалува КВ ризик Миокарден инфаркт за 23% Мозочен удар за 17% Коронарна реваскуларизација за 24% Морталитет за 19% Редукцијата на LDL-c за 1 mmol/l го намалува 5 -годишниот очекуван ризик за: A study by the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) collaboration analysed and summarised the results of 14 randomised controlled trials involving about 90,000 subjects, of whom 47% had pre-existing CHD. Statins were proven to lower the risk of CHD complications and increase life expectancy. References: Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005; 366 (9493): 1267–78. * coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous angioplasty (PCA) CV – cardiovascular, LDL-c – LDL-cholesterol References: Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Lancet 2005; 366 (9493): 1267–78.

Пациентите со дијабет имаат 2–3 пати поголем ризик за КВБ LDL-c ≈ Ризик за КВБ 1 mmol/l 57% Нивото на LDL-c претставува најважна компонента за редукција на КВ ризик кај пациентите со дијабет. Abbreviations: CHD – coronary heart disease, CV – cardiovascular, LDL-c – LDL-cholesterol

Atoris InfoZoom presentation 20.9.2018 Терапија со статини се препорачува за редукција на КВ ризик кај пациентите со ДМ Навремената превенција со лекови за намалување на липидите во крвта, независно од нивоата на LDL-c, сè со цел постигнување на ниски нивоа на липиди, особено е потребна кај пациентите со дијабетес тип 2. ESC Guidelines on CVD prevention, 2012 References: The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). European Heart Journal 2012; 33(13): 1635-1701. Available from: http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/GuidelinesDocuments/guidelines-CVD-prevention.pdf [7.10.2013] Abbreviations: CVD – cardiovascular disease, LDL-c – LDL-cholesterol References: European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). EHJ 2012; 33(13): 1635–701.

Зошто е неопходно пациентите со дијабет да бидат третирани со статини? Look AHEAD студијата докажа дека промените на животниот стил не го намалуваат ризикот од КВБ кај пациентите со дијабет. Despite significant reductions in weight and improvements in physical-fitness levels among these patients, lifestyle intervention failed to provide any benefit in terms of CV outcomes. ESC/EAS Guidelines 1 Look AHEAD study - The Action for Health Diabetes study. References: 1. O’Riordan M. Look AHEAD halted. Available online. 2. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. European Heart Journal 2011; 32: 1769–818.

Дополнителни ефекти од третманот со статини Подобрена функција на ендотелот Aнтиинфламаторно дејство Стабилизација на атеросклеротичната плака Source: Bonetti PO et al. European Heart Journal 2003; 24: 225–48.

Интензивниот третман со статини спречува влошување на атеросклеротичните промени и доведува до нивна редукција Pазвој на атеросклерозата Ефект од третманот со статини Nissen SE et al. the ASTEROID trial. JAMA 2006; 295(13): 1556-65. Nicholls SJ et al. The SATURN trial NEJM 2011; 365:2078-87.

Долготраен третман = подобар ефект 4 годишниот третман со статини има повеќе од 4 пати подобар ефект на еластичноста на крвните садови во однос на 8 месечниот третман. Прогресија на атеросклероза Регресија на атеросклероза References: Nozue T, et al. Extended TRUTH study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60 (17_S).

Долготраен третман = подобар ефект Секоја наредна година од третманот со статини дополнително го намалува КВ ризик. 1 Статините значително го намалуваат ризикот од КВБ… Редукција на КВ ризик (%) со статин соодветно на годините на терапија Reference: 1. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ishaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003; 326: 1423.

ФЗОМ препорачува:

Зголемениот крвен притисок води до зголемена пумпна активност на срцевиот мускул Што понатаму води до прогресивни структурни промени на sидот на крвните садови и развој на атеросклероза. Најчесто афектирани органи се: Срце; предизвикувајќи КАБ Мозок; предизвикувајќи ЦВБ Бубрези; предизвикувајќи ХББ Reference: 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Journal of hypertension 2013, 31: 1281-1357

Класификација: Хипертензија > 140/90 mm Hg Категорија Систолен Дијастолен Оптимален <120 < 80 Нормален 120 -129 80 – 84 Високо нормален 130 -139 85 – 89 1 степен на хипертензија 140 -159 90 – 99 2 степен на хипертензија 160-179 100 – 109 3 степен на хипертензија ≥ 180 ≥ 110 Изолирана систолна хипертензија ≥ 140 < 90 Reference: 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Journal of hypertension 2013, 31: 1281-1357. SBP – systolic blood pressure DBP – diastolic blood pressure

Високиот крвен притисок е фактор на кој може да се влијае за намалување на КВ ризик Речиси 30% од возрасната популација е афектирана од есенцијална хипертензија. Стареењето го зголемува процентот до 70% кај луѓето постари од 70 години. Reference: Staessen JA et al. Essential hypertension. Lancet 2003; 361: 1629–41.

Намалувањето на крвниот притисок е главна цел при превенција на КВБ. Според европските препораки од 2013, крвниот притисок треба да се намали до нивоа на: СКП < 140 mmHg ДКП < 90 mmHg (освен кај пациентите со дијабет, кај кои се препорачува ДКП < 85 mmHg) Tретманот на ХТА вклучува: Промени на животниот стил Фармаколошки третман Моно терапија Комбинирана терапија SBP goal < 140 mmHg in patients: at low-moderate CV risk with diabetes with previous stroke or TIA with CHD with diabetic or non-diabetic CKD DBP goal < 90 mmHg in all patients except in patients with diabetes, in whom < 85 mmHg is recommended. Before treatment is commended, the secondary causes of hypertension should be excluded. The purpose of lifestyle changes is to lower blood pressure and to control other risk factors and clinical conditions present. In most hypertensive patients, therapy should be started gradually, and target blood pressure values should be achieved progressively through several weeks. It is likely that a large proportion of patients will require combination therapy with more than one agent. The proportion of patients requiring combination therapy will depend on baseline blood pressure values. Reference: 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Journal of hypertension 2013, 31: 1281-1357. SBP – systolic blood pressure DBP – diastolic blood pressure

Опции за фармаколошки третман 5 класи на антихипертензиви: AКЕ инхибитори AРБ (сартани) Диуретици Бета блокатори Калциум антагонисти AРБ – антагонисти на ангиотензин II рецепторi АКЕ инхибитори- инхибитори на ангиотензин конвертирачки ензим Reference: 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Journal of hypertension 2013, 31: 1281-1357.

Препораки за третман ЛЕСНО ПОКАЧЕН КП НИЗОК ДО УМЕРЕН КВ РИЗИК ЗНАЧИТЕЛНО ПОКАЧЕН КП (SKP ≥160 mmHg) ВИСОК ДО МНОГУ ВИСОК КВ РИЗИК Монотерапија Комбинирана терапија Промена на лекот Зголемена доза на лекот Зголемена доза на два лека Додавање на трет лек Initial therapy depends on: Grade of Hypertension Absence or presence of target organ damage Risk factors Зголемена доза на два лека Промена на комбинацијата на лекови Зголемена доза на три лека Зголемена доза на лекот Reference: 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Journal of hypertension 2013, 31: 1281-1357.

Предности на комбинираната терапија Побрзо постигнување на целните вредности на КП во однос на монотерапијата Употреба на два лека во пониски дози > помалку несакани дејства Два лека во една таблета > едноставен третман и подобра комплијанса Комбинираната терапија е прва линија на избор кај пациенти со: 2 и 3 степен на ХТА (СКП > 160 mm Hg и/или ДКП > 100 mm Hg) Висок/многу висок КВ ризик Reference: 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Journal of hypertension 2013, 31: 1281-1357.

Комбинираната терапија овозможува подобра редукција на КП и побрзо постигнување на целните вреднсоти Комбинирана терапија како иницијален антихипертензивен третман: Побрз одговор кај поголем број на пациенти Поголема веројатност за достигнување на целните вредности на КП кај пациентите со повисока тензија Помала веројатност за непридржување на пациентот со потреба од чести промени во терапијата е асоцирана со 34% редукција на ризик за КВ настан или смрт споредено со пациенти поставени на иницијална монотерапија In majority of hypertensive patients, effective BP control can only be achieved by combination therapy. Addition of a drug from another class to the initially is recommended. In patients at high cardiovascular risk the combination therapy for initiation is recomended. Use of combination therapy has been found to be even more frequently needed in diabetic, renal and high risk patients and in general whenever lower blood pressure targets are pursued. Compared to full dose monotherapy, combination treatment is more likely to be free of adverse effects, because both second and first drug can be given in the low dose rang. With combining two agents in one tablet, combination therapy helps in optimizing compliance. Two-drug combination may allow blood pressure targets to be reached earlier than with monotherapy. In this study two groups of adult patients with uncontrolled BP were examined: 1 808 patients initiating combination therapy and 3 309 initiating monotherapy and later switched to combination therapy. Combination therapy included a FDC or dual free combination of ACEi and CCB, ACEi and HCTZ, ARB and CCB, or ARB and HCTZ. Patients initiating monotherapy were receiving a single agent of ACEi, CCB, ARB or HCTZ. The study endpoints were risk of CV events or all-cause death, time to BP goal attainment and rates of healthcare resources use. Conclusion 1: Initial treatment with a drug combination was associated with 34% risk reduction for CV event or death relative to patients initiated on monotherapy and then switched to combination treatment. Conclusion 2: Initial combination therapy was associated with more rapid and more effective BP control. During follow-up, the proportion of patients achieving target BP was consistently higher in the combination therapy cohort, and the median time to achieve target BP was significantly reduced -> 9.7 vs. 11.9 months. G. Mancia et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Journal of hypertension 2013, 31: 1281-1357 AH Gradman et al. Initial combination therapy reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. A matched cohort study. Hypertension 2013; 61: 309-318.

Водичите за третман на хипертензија препорачуваат секогаш кога е можно да се иницира третман со фиксно дозна комбинација Употребата на комбинација од антихипертензивни лекови во една таблета овозможува: Редукција на бројот на таблети потребни за дневна терапија ја зголемува адхерентноста (придржувањето) кон терапијата Овозможува подобра контрола на КП In majority of hypertensive patients, effective BP control can only be achieved by combination therapy. Addition of a drug from another class to the initially is recommended. In patients at high cardiovascular risk the combination therapy for initiation is recomended. Use of combination therapy has been found to be even more frequently needed in diabetic, renal and high risk patients and in general whenever lower blood pressure targets are pursued. Compared to full dose monotherapy, combination treatment is more likely to be free of adverse effects, because both second and first drug can be given in the low dose rang. With combining two agents in one tablet, combination therapy helps in optimizing compliance. Two-drug combination may allow blood pressure targets to be reached earlier than with monotherapy. In this study two groups of adult patients with uncontrolled BP were examined: 1 808 patients initiating combination therapy and 3 309 initiating monotherapy and later switched to combination therapy. Combination therapy included a FDC or dual free combination of ACEi and CCB, ACEi and HCTZ, ARB and CCB, or ARB and HCTZ. Patients initiating monotherapy were receiving a single agent of ACEi, CCB, ARB or HCTZ. The study endpoints were risk of CV events or all-cause death, time to BP goal attainment and rates of healthcare resources use. Conclusion 1: Initial treatment with a drug combination was associated with 34% risk reduction for CV event or death relative to patients initiated on monotherapy and then switched to combination treatment. Conclusion 2: Initial combination therapy was associated with more rapid and more effective BP control. During follow-up, the proportion of patients achieving target BP was consistently higher in the combination therapy cohort, and the median time to achieve target BP was significantly reduced -> 9.7 vs. 11.9 months. G. Mancia et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Journal of hypertension 2013, 31: 1281-1357 AH Gradman et al. Initial combination therapy reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. A matched cohort study. Hypertension 2013; 61: 309-318.

Препораки за комбинирана терапија на ХТА диуретици ACEi CCB AB ARB BB According to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) guidelines 2013, the major classes of antihypertensive agents (ACE inhibitors, β-blockers, diuretics, calcium antagonists and angiotensin II receptor blockers) are suitable for the initiation and maintenance of antihypertensive therapy. There is no major difference in the effect of lowering blood pressure among the five recommended groups of agents. Yet there is evidence that there are some groups of patients with compelling indications where some groups of agents are especially recommended. The main benefits of antihypertensive therapy are due to lowering of blood pressure per se. Specific drug classes may differ in some effects, or in special groups of patients. Препорачани комбинации Корисни комбинации (со ограничувања) Можни комбинации Комбинации кои не се препорачуваат Abbreviations: AB – alpha blocker; ACEI – angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB – angiotensin II receptor antagonist (sartan); BB – beta blocker; CCB – calcium channel blocker