Lecture 2 Introduction Continued Reasons for a survey History of Surveying, and Types of surveys

Common reasons for performing a survey? Gather Data Determine Horizontal displacement of points Elevation of point(s) Difference in elevation above or below a Datum Shape or relief of an area – Topography e.g. stream or road profile Directions of lines Length of lines Spatial positions of property lines – Property/Boundary Survey Area (acres/hectares)

Other types of survey functions Stake out points Measure profiles Lay off distances and angles for construction of Buildings Assembly Lines Roads Utilities

Surveyor’s work is divided into the following categories: Decision making Type of equipment ? Techniques/methods ? Field work/data collection – detective work Resources Registry of Deeds Tax Assessor Owner/Neighbor Evidence Old Monuments/blazes Old wire or stone wall Plow line/ tree line

Categories of Surveyor’s work (cont.) Computation/reduction of field notes Computer programs Preparation of final products Maps Plats Deed descriptions Creation of GIS Summary reports Credits: Satellite Imaging Corporation

Categories of Surveyor’s work (cont.) Stake out Setting monuments Establish property boundaries Construction reference points – (Bench Marks)

History of Surveying Earliest evidence Stone Map of Babylon (2500 B.C.) Egyptian written records (1400 B.C.) Rope-stretchers replaced corners posts along the Nile River Greeks – last decade of first century A.D. Developed geometry as a science Expanded the use of math

Clay-tablet, circa 2500 B.C. Oldest known Map, discovered in northern Mesopotamia. Note the mountain ridges on the left and right

Map of the World circa 2500 B.C

History of Surveying (cont.) Romans developed surveying as we know it Engineered cities Designed roads (All roads lead to Rome!) Aqueducts & Sewer systems Middle Ages Arabians in Islam world Progressed surveying with Practical Geometry 13th Century – Von Piso 1st textbook on surveying “Practica Geometria” Stadia – using cross-staff to measure distances

History of Surveying (cont.) 18th, - 21st Centuries Surveying advanced rapidly National Boundaries England, France, and U.S. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1807 – 1867) NGS – National Geodetic Survey (1867- Present)

US C&GS - NGS Images from USGS Archives

History of Surveying (cont.) Past 100 years Land values increased exponentially Transportation systems require instant & precise positioning New equipment for Space Exploration and National Defense All above have lead to the development of the following: EDM (Electronic Distance Meters) TSU (Total Station Units) Digital aerial cameras GPS GIS CAD Inertial Guidance Systems Wireless technologies LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging

History of Surveying cont.) Conventional equipment such as : Transits Magnetic compasses Tapes & Chains are being replaced New equipment requires highly trained professionals Basic theories, concepts & Principles remain Image by Julian Dates Lensatic compass Image by U S Forest Service

LiDAR Lidar point cloud of Boulder CO Stadium – Premier Geo company Maya Temple courtesy University of Central Florida Caracol Archaeological Project

Common Methods of Surveying Plane Surveys Cover a small area Assume the site to flat & horizontal The Plumb Line (gravity) parallel throughout North/South lines are parallel Measured angles are presumed to be plane angles The type of surveying you will perform this semester NOT accurate enough for establishing State & National Boundaries

Common Methods of Surveying (cont.) Geodetic Surveys Employed when surveying extensive portions of the earth Account for curvature and Oblate spheroid shape Performed by government agencies Provide horizontal & vertical control for local Surveyors

Types and Surveys 1.) Boundary Surveys – the most stereotyped A process to determine, locate, or retrace boundary lines on the earth’s surface Requires Professional Registration – 50 states Property Land Cadastral

Types and Surveys (cont.) The land surveyor must have knowledge in the following areas: Geodetic Surveys Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Land Surveyor Aerial Surveys Construction Surveys Route Surveys Principles and Design of Equipment GIS, GPS & Mapping

Types and Surveys (cont.) The land surveyor works with the following: Attorneys Clients Real Estate Brokers Highway Departments Land Surveyor Bank & Loan Officers Utility Companies Planners Title Insurance Companies Municipal Planning & Appeals Boards Engineering Firms Environmental Groups & Regulators