BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES http://www.animationlibrary.com/search/?keywords=recycle BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

Ecosystem inputs nutrients cycle inputs energy nutrients biosphere energy flows through constant input of energy nutrients cycle Matter cannot be created or destroyed Don’t forget the laws of Physics! nutrients can only cycle inputs energy nutrients 2

ENERGY & MATTER Energy is not the only thing http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm ENERGY & MATTER Energy is not the only thing that moves through the ecosystem. Atoms are never destroyed . . . only transformed.(recycled!) Take a deep breath. The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago. http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html

4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms ORGANIC: contain both C and H atoms Ex. Sugars C6H12O6, fats, proteins, fuels C5H10 INORGANIC: do not contain both C and H Ex. CO2, H2O, NH3 OXYGEN CARBON HYDROGEN NITROGEN The same molecules are passed around again and again within the biosphere in ___________________________ BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

WATER CYCLE = ___________________ HYDROLOGIC CYCLE http://www.urbanrivers.org/water_cycle.html

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? Makes up 60-70% of your body Oxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the ________________________: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Hydrogen in H2O supplies protons (H+) & electrons for_______________ building blocks of cells photosynthesis http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? SOLVENT Water is a good _________________ Many molecules dissolve in water so it provides a place for chemical reactions to happen Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with ________________________ SOLVENT TEMPERATURE REGULATION http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm

WATER CYCLE evaporation condensation http://www.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/fd6/000_images/cat/c_buee_c.gif

The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrshed/Etrans.htm The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves = ________________ TRANSPIRATION The return of water to the surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc. = ____________________ PRECIPITATION

WATER CYCLE PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start Image edited from: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/water.html WATER CYCLE PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start

CARBON CYCLE CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Generalized Nutrient cycling consumers consumers consumers producers decomposers decomposers nutrients ENTER FOOD CHAIN = made available to producers nutrients made available to producers return to abiotic reservoir Decomposition connects all trophic levels abiotic reservoir abiotic reservoir geologic processes geologic processes

4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE In ____________ as CO2 gas In _______ as dissolved CO2 gas On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil __________ as coal, petroleum, natural gas (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate (limestone) in rocks atmosphere ocean land Underground CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? Ocean Volcanic activity ________________ ______________ _________________ ____________ of dead organisms Human activity (burning fossil fuels) Cellular respiration Decomposition BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? BUILDING BLOCKS Found in all the _______________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for __________ production during __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on. GLUCOSE PHOTOSYNTHESIS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg

Now… Complete your Carbon Cycle FIB note Complete the homework questions on Carbon cycle

NITROGEN CYCLE NH3 NO3- and NO2- N2 in Atmosphere Section 3-3 BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT? NITROGEN BASES __________________make DNA and RNA ATP Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in _______ amino acids Makes AMINO part of _________ (proteins) Image by Riedell Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

79% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas (N2) BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas we breathe! The bond in N2 gas is so strong it can only be broken by _______________ ____________________ CAN’T lightning Volcanic activity few special bacteria Image by Riedell Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

Bacteria that live ______________ and in _________ relationships with plants called _________, take nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into ______________, a form that is usable by plants. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ in the soil symbiotic legumes AMMONIA (NH3) NITROGEN FIXATION http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif

Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into ________________ & _________________ which plants can also use. The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from the ___________ ___________ we breathe! NITRATES (NO3- ) & NITRITES (NO2-) FOOD WE EAT NOT THE AIR Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif modified by Riedell

NITROGEN CYCLE NH3 NO3- and NO2- N2 in Atmosphere Section 3-3 BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Bacteria that live ______________ also carry out the reverse process ___________ → _____________. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ in the soil NITRATES & NITRITES NITROGEN GAS DENITRIFICATION

Artificial Fertilizers!! Until the 20th century, N-fixation was only natural and most wild plants thrive in low N-levels Scientists developed a way to fix N… Farmers increased crop yields More N introduced into environment than ecosystem can absorb and use!! Artificial Fertilizers!!

Agriculture and Nutrient cycling Key Ideas: N & P both essential to living things Rate of cycles depends on how fast things break down (decompose)  temp, moist soil, O2…  decomposition and cycle rate… N & P leave the soil in plants and when harvested are removed from ecosystem… would deplete soil if not replaced Fertilizers restore nutrients and  production from land… can double yields! Too much fertilizer can change the pH of soil (acidic) & impact plants growth

Problems??? Algal Blooms Spring run-off carries fertilizer-rich soil into lakes causing algae to “bloom” (grow rapidly) & then die Bacteria decompose algae (use O2), therefore,  bacteria levels &  O2 levels  O2 levels impact fish… die… … more decomposition…   O2 levels Nitrates convert to Nitrites are harmful to infants and can accumulate in water!

Problems ??? Eutrophication of lakes Oligotrophic lakes are deep, cold, and clear with low nutrient levels and limited producer populations Eutrophic lakes are shallow, warmer and nutrient-rich. Favoured by producers… murky water These lakes become more shallow and eventually fill in and dry out Lakes transform from oligotrophic to eutrophic over 100s to 1000s of years Adding nutrient-rich substances (human waste, fertilizers in runoff, etc) can accelerate the transformation or “eutrophication” of lakes … concerning??

acid precipitation (rain, snow) SO2 pollutants H2SO4 HNO3 acids 3. Acid Precipitation acid precipitation (rain, snow) + H2O Water vapour in air

Acid Precipitation Direct Effects Ecosystem effects 40x more acidic than normal rain Kills fish, soil bacteria, plants Alkaline soils are more resistant (buffer) acidic soils are more susceptible **airborne can travel and turn to acid when contact H2O ex. Dew on lawn, respiratory tract Direct Effects dissolve statues, corrode metal, damage buildings Respiratory problems,  asthma, bronchitis Irritate eyes and skin Ecosystem effects Damage trees -  susceptibility to disease