بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم Majid Avijgan MD,

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم Majid Avijgan MD, Professor of Infectious and Tropical diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Oct 2010, Aban 1389

Majid Avijgan MD. Professor of Infectious Diseases Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Sanaz Sarikhani MD .

Brucellosis Humoral response: :IgM از هفته اول شروع به افزایش میکند و پس از سه ماه به حداکثر مقدار خود میرسد و حدود دوازده ماه پس از درمان منفی میشود.حدود 5% موارد تا دو سال پس از درمان نیز قابل اندازه گیری است. :IgG از هفته دوم شروع به افزایش میکند و پس از دو ماه به حداکثر مقدار خود میرسد و حدود 6 تا 12 ماه پس از درمان منفی میشود. ● در صورتی که درمان ناقص انجام شود و بیماری مزمن ایجاد شود مقدار IgG به صفر نخواهد رسید و در صورت فعال شدن بیماری مجدداَ IgG &IgM peak خواهیم داشت. It was shown that IgM antibodies appear within the first week of infection and are followed by a switch to IgG synthesis after the second week.66 Despite adequate antibiotic treatment, significant STA titers can persist for up to 2 years in 5 to 7% of cases

Brucellosis serology

Serologic Tests: 1) Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT): آزمایشگاه ابتدا این تست را انجام میدهد و در صورتی که توسط پزشک درخواست شده باشد به صورت«مثبت» و«منفی» گزارش میشود. is a rapid screening method; however, positive sera should always be confirmed by SAT. 2) Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) (Wright’s): Detects IgM, IgG, IgA. 3) 2-mercaptoethanol test (2ME) : Detects IgG, IgA.

Serologic Test: 4) Coomb’s test: Detects IgG (monomers & dimmer), IgM, IgA. 5) CF 6) RIA 7) ELISA: IgM, IgG, IgA , Or Total Antibody

Serologic Test Approach: Step 1- what is the main Ig? Step 2- where is this test? Step 3- What is your diagnosis?

Wright's < 1/40 2ME negative Case Number 1 Subclinical Illness Detected only by serologic testing, asymptomatic or clinically unrecognized human brucellosis often occurs in high-risk groups, including slaughterhouse workers, farmers, and veterinarians. More than 50% of abattoir workers and up to 33% of veterinarians have high anti-Brucella antibody titers but no history of recognized clinical infection. Children in endemic areas frequently have subclinical illness. Acute and Subacute Disease After an incubation period of several weeks or months, acute brucellosis may occur as a mild, transient illness (with B. abortus or B. canis) or as an explosive, toxic illness with the potential for multiple complications (with B. melitensis). Approximately 50% of patients have an abrupt onset over days, whereas the remainder has an insidious onset over weeks. Symptoms in brucellosis are protean and nonspecific. More than 90% of patients experience malaise, chills, sweats, fatigue, and weakness. More than 50% of patients have myalgias, anorexia, and weight loss. Fewer patients complain of arthralgias, cough, testicular pain, dysuria, ocular pain, or visual blurring. Likewise, few localizing physical signs are apparent. Fever, with temperatures often greater than 39.4° C (103° F), occurs in 95% of patients. An undulating or intermittent fever pattern is unusual. A relative pulse temperature deficit may occur. Splenomegaly is present in 10 to 15%, and lymphadenopathy occurs in up to 14% (axillary, cervical, and supraclavicular locations are most frequent, related to hand wound or oropharyngeal routes of infection); hepatomegaly is less frequent. Other laboratory findings in acute or subacute disease may include mild anemia, lymphopenia or neutropenia (especially with bacteremia), lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or (rarely) pancytopenia. The majority of infected individuals recover completely without sequelae if the diagnosis is appropriately made and prompt therapy is initiated. Localized Disease and Complications Brucella organisms may localize in almost any organ but most commonly localize in bone, joints, central nervous system (CNS), heart, lung, spleen, testes, liver, gallbladder, kidney, prostate, and skin. Localized disease may occur simultaneously at multiple sites. Localized complications most often appear in association with a more chronic course of illness, although complications may occur with acute disease caused by B. melitensis or B. suis. In the United States, localized disease is most frequently related to B. suis. Relapsing Infection Up to 10% of patients with brucellosis experience relapses after antimicrobial therapy. Relapses occur usually 3 to 6 months after completion of therapy but may be seen up to 2 years after treatment. Relapses are associated frequently with antimicrobial resistance as well as the intracellular location of the organisms, which protects the bacteria from certain antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. Relapsing infection is difficult to distinguish from reinfection in high-risk groups with continued exposure. Studies have shown that relapses are associated with inappropriate or insufficient antimicrobial therapy, positive blood cultures on initial presentation, and an acute onset of disease. Chronic Disease Disease with a duration of more than 1 year has been called chronic brucellosis. A majority of patients classified as having chronic brucellosis really have persistent disease caused by inadequate treatment of the initial episode, or they have focal disease in bone, liver, or spleen. About 20% of patients diagnosed as having chronic brucellosis complain of persistent fatigue, malaise, and depression; in many aspects this condition resembles the chronic fatigue syndrome. These symptoms frequently are not associated with clinical, microbiologic, or serologic evidence of active infection and may represent a preexisting psychoneurosis.

Case Number 1 Early Acute disease:

Case Number 2 Wright's ≥ 1/160 2ME ≤ W/2 0r 1/80

Case Nnmber 2 Acute disease:

Case Number 3 Wright’s < or > 1/80 2ME negative

Case Number 3 Subclinical infection:

Case Number 4 Wright’s ≥ 1/80 2ME = W = 1/80 شرح حال معمولاً حاکی از درمان ناکافی قبلی و یا عدم درمان قبلی و وجود علائم گنگ و مبهم مانند خستگی، بیحالی، افسردگی، کمردرد، زانو درد، تب خفیف و... میباشد.

Case Number 4 Chronic disease (> 1 year):

Case Number 5 Wright's ≥ 1/80 2ME ≤ W/2 به کمک شرح حال درمان ناکافی قبلی یا عدم درمان قبلی از بیماری حاد قابل افتراق است.

Case Number 5 Relapsed Chronic disease:

Brucellosis serology Wright 1/160 2ME 1/80 --- IgG > IgM ---Acute Infection , Early Infection

Brucellosis serology Wright > 1/80 2ME = 0 IgM predominant Early (1-2 weeks) Infection End (2 years) of Infection

Brucellosis serology Wright >1/640 2ME = 0 IgM continious stimulation Subclinical Infection

Brucellosis serology Wright = 2ME = 1/80 Chronic Infection

Brucellosis serology Wright = 2ME = 1/80  Relaps of Infection (Chronic infection)

Brucellosis Diagnosis 1-Epidemiological evidance 2-Cilinical manifestations 3-Laboratory data

Brucellosis Treatment

چند نکته درباره تست Wright's : در مناطق روستایی تیتر بیشتر یا مساوی 1/160 مثبت در نظر گرفته میشود. در مناطق شهری تیتر بیشتر یا مساوی 1/80 مثبت در نظر گرفته میشود. False Negative Results of Wright’s test: 1) Early infection: در صورت شک بالینی قوی تست را یک تا دو هفته بعد مجدداً تکرار میکنیم. 2) Prozone Effect : برای جلوگیری از پدیده prozone باید از آزمایشگاه درخواست کرد تیتر را تا 1/1280 ادامه دهد.

چند نکته درباره تست Wright's : 3) Blocking Antibodies: در صورتی که در سرم بیمار IgG monomer blocking وجود داشته باشد میتواند از آگلوتیناسیون در SAT جلوگیری کند. در صورت شک بالینی قوی باید تست Coomb’s در خواست شود تا با استفاده از Antihuman Ab از این پدیده جلوگیری شود. 4) Brucella Canis infection: این مورد نادر است و در صورت شک بالینی قوی باید از آنتی ژن B. canis یاBrucella ovis استفاده کرد.

درمان چهار گروه آنتی بیوتیک که به طور شایع در درمان تب مالت بکار میروند عبارتند از: Tetracycline & Doxycycline Streptomycin & Gentamicin Rifampin Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole درمان تک دارویی در تب مالت جایگاهی ندارد و باید از ترکیب دو دارویی استفاده کرد. هریک از چهار داروی فوق را میتوان به صورت ترکیب دو دارویی بکار برد ولی بهترین ترکیب دارویی «Tetracycline + Streptomycin» میباشد که کمترین میزان relapse (1% تا 3%) را دارد و بقیه ترکیب ها حدود 10% میزان عود خواهند داشت. Tetracycline …………………… .. 500 mg q6h for 4 to 8 weeks Streptomycin 1 gr QD for 2 weeks if> 50 years 0.5 gr QD for 2 weeks در صورتی که نتوان از ترکیب Tetracycline + Streptomycin استفاده کرد (برای مثال در کودکان) رژیم انتخابی بعدی Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole + Rifampin خواهد بود. TMP-SMX …………………………2 tabs q6h for 6 to 8 weeks Rifampin……………………………10 mg/kg/day for 6 to 8 weeks

... درمان در صورتی که عوارض تب مالت روی دهد(epididymoorchitis, neurobrucellosis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis ،..) معمولاً از ترکیب سه دارویی استفاده میشود و طول مدت درمان نیز بیشتر خواهد بود. گاهی درمان عوارض تب مالت احتیاج به مداخلات جراحی دارد( مانند آندوکاردیت ناشی از بروسلا که گاهی احتیاج به تعویض زودرس دریچه خواهد داشت و درمان دارویی نیز حدود 3 تا 6 ماه خواهد بود). جهت پیگیری هر دو ماه تست 2ME را تکرار میکنیم. در صورتی که تیتر دو تست متوالی کاهش نداشت، به فاصله یک ماه تست را در همان آزمایشگاه قبلی و ترجیحا توسط همان آزمایشگر تکرار میکنیم و در صورتی که تیتر کاهش نداشت آن را به عنوان مقاوم به درمان در نظر میگیریم، همچنین اگر پس از 12 ماه تست 2ME منفی نشد بیماری مزمن شده و در حالات اخیر باید compliance بیمار در مصرف داروها و یا درمان سه دارویی با مدت بیشتر را مد نظر داشت.

Brucellosis