AIM What is Evolution?

Evolutionary Theory They are distinctly different from earlier forms Process of change in species over a long time They are distinctly different from earlier forms

Proof of Evolution Fossils provide clues to the history of earth’s organisms

Proof of Evolution DNA Analysis (Gel Electrophoresis)

What did organisms evolve from? Multi-cellular Unicellular

Crossing-over during meiosis when gametes are formed How do organisms acquire new traits so evolution can occur over many years? Crossing-over during meiosis when gametes are formed Mutations in gametes (Sperm or egg)

Recombination in Gametes Crossover (Sorting) during meiosis (Meiosis- special cell division when gametes are formed)

Mutation in Gametes Base pair sequence change Change passed on to offspring

Leads to Variety Sexual Reproduction Mutations (Crossover during meiosis) Mutations

Variation in Dogs

Variation in Ladybugs

Variation in Frogs

Variation in Finches

Passed to Offspring Mutations passed to offspring when they occur in gametes(sperm or egg)

1.Which phrase best defines evolution? 1.an adaptation of an organism to its environment 2.a sudden replacement of one community by another 3.a geographic or reproductive isolation of organisms 4.a process of change in organisms over a period of time

2.Which two factors provide the genetic basis for variation within a species? 1.asexual reproduction and geographic isolation 2.mutations and sexual reproduction 3.competition and protein synthesis 4.constant gene frequency and reproductive isolation

3.As a result of sexual reproduction, an organism can pass a gene mutation to its offspring if the mutation occurs in 1.a body cell 2.a gamete 3.liver tissue 4.white blood cells

Aim How does evolution occur?

Struggle for Existence Members of each species compete for food, living space and the necessities of life A finite supply of resources

Fitness The member that is better fit will survive. Fitness-The ability to survive

Adaptation An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance for survival Quills

Example-Adaptation Long tongue lizard is better adapted than a lizard with a short tongue.

Survival of the Fittest Individuals that are better suited to their environment - survive and reproduce more successfully

Natural Selection Survival of the fittest is also referred to as Environment changes first, those best adapted survive

Adaptations Beneficial traits will be passed on to offspring (More frequency) Unfavorable traits will be less common

Favorable Traits Camouflage Those best adapted pass on favorable adaptations to their offspring Higher frequency of favorable traits are passed along to offspring increasing chances for survival of the species Camouflage

1.In most populations, the individuals that produce the greatest number of offspring are 1.always the strongest 2.usually the best adapted 3.those that have only recessive traits 4.those that are the most intelligent

2.According to modern evolutionary theory, genes responsible for new traits that help a species survive in a particular environment will usually 1.not change in frequency 2.decrease gradually in frequency 3.decrease rapidly in frequency 4.increase in frequency

3.Even though the environment changes, a population that occupies a given geographic area will most likely continue to be found in this area if the 1.variations in the population decrease over time 2.members of the population decrease in number 3.members of the population exceed the carrying capacity 4.population passes on those genes that result in favorable adaptations

Aim What conditions are important to evolution?

Force behind Evolution The interaction between individual organisms and the environment

Conditions Important to Evolution Variation (Differences) Overproduction Finite supply of resources (limited) Natural Selection

Variation New traits that can lead to evolution come from normal variation within species

Overproduction Population of a species remains stable Turtle eggs

Struggle for Survival Finite Resources (not enough) Competition among individuals of a species mean only the most adapted to the environment will survive

Natural Selection Evolution is controlled by nature not people Organism that are best adapted to an environment will survive

Selection by Environment The proportion of individuals with advantageous traits will increase This change over time is evolution

AIM What are the changes organisms undergo from Genetic Variation?

Sources of Variation Sexual Reproduction (Crossover during Meiosis) Mutations

Results of Variation 1.Structural Change 2.Functional Change 3.Behavioral Change

Structural Change Homologous structures - Have different mature forms but developed from the same ancestors (embryonic tissues)

The bones in the forelimbs of three mammals are shown below. For these mammals, the number, position, and shape of the bones most likely indicates that they may have developed in a common environment developed from the same earlier species identical genetic makeup identical methods of obtaining food

Functional Change Humans-Electrical Impulses to move muscles Eels -Electrical impulses to shock and kill its prey

Behavioral Change Rate of light blinking helps organisms recognize same species for mating

Some behaviors such as mating and caring for young are genetically determined in certain species of birds. The presence of these behaviors is most likely due to the fact that birds do not have the ability to learn individual birds need to learn to survive and reproduce these behaviors helped birds to survive in the past within their lifetimes, birds developed these behaviors

Evidence of Common Ancestors If Amino acid sequence in proteins they synthesize are similar Suggests DNA is also similar (Controls Synthesis)

Things to Remember Individuals that produce the most offspring are the best adapted to the environment

The kit fox and red fox species are closely related The kit fox and red fox species are closely related. The kit fox lives in the desert, while the red fox inhabits forests. Ear size and fur color are two differences that can be observed between the species. An illustration of these two species is shown below.  Which statement best explains how the differences between these two species came about? Different adaptations developed because the kit fox preferred hotter environments than the red fox. As the foxes adapted to different environments, differences in appearance evolved. The foxes evolved differently to prevent overpopulation of the forest habitat. The foxes evolved differently because their ancestors were trying to avoid competition.

Aim What affects the rate of evolution among organism?

Affects Rate of Evolution Environmental Change - More Environmental change equals more Evolution - Less Environmental change equals less Evolution Horseshoe crab

Affects Rate of Evolution Offspring Produced - The more you produce the quicker organism evolves over time

Affects Rate of Evolution Time of Lifespan Lifespan for bacteria and insects are short so they evolve quicker compared to humans More life cycles

Affect on Bacteria Increase in evolutionary rate causes more mutations and produces antibiotic -resistant bacteria

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Caused by a Mutated Bacteria The Doctor has to change the antibiotic to kill mutated form

Common Names Streptococcus Staphylococcus S. Aureus Meningitis Names of Bacteria Names of Antibiotic Streptococcus Staphylococcus S. Aureus Meningitis Penicillin Erythromycin Tetracyline Keflex

Summary Red bacteria is mutated Antibiotic kills normal bacteria(blue) Mutated bacteria is resistant to antibiotic and multiplies (Red) Doctor has to change to another antibiotic that can kill resistant bacteria Red bacteria is mutated

AIM What patterns does evolution follow which are supported by fossil records?

#1-Pattern of Change Changes in species is often related to environmental change

#2 Pattern of Change Species with quicker reproductive cycles and shorter life spans will evolve quicker Examples- Bacteria, insects and mosquitoes

#3-Pattern of Change The failure to adapt to a changing environment may result in death of the species. This is called extinction

Things to Remember Species with very little variation face possible extinction if the environment changes More variation; better chance to survive a changing environment Organisms with the quicker reproductive cycles evolve faster

Evolution Diagram Species that don’t reach the top are extinct. Species that are similar split from the same lines. Which to species are extinct? J and E

The diagram shows an interpretation of relationships based on evolutionary theory.  The letters represent different species.  Which species are least likely to be vital parts of a present-day ecosystem? species A and E species C and D species E and J species B and F

The diagram shows an interpretation of relationships based on evolutionary theory.  The letters represent different species.  Which species are least likely to be vital parts of a present-day ecosystem? species A and E species C and D species E and J species B and F

Aim How did Charles Darwin’s study of finches lead to modern evolutionary theory?

Why do these Finches have different beak sizes?

Charles Darwin Darwin was the father of modern evolution

Studied Finches Darwin studied finches on the Galapagos islands off the coast of South America Environments were different

Finches are Birds

The Finches’ Beaks Beaks of each finch were different Natural selection determined the shape and size of each beak

Environmental Factors Which beak the bird developed depended on the finches niche. Niche- what an organism eats (seeds)

Common Ancestor All the Finches descended from A common ancestor

1.Darwin’s studies of finches on the Galapagos Islands suggest that the finches’ differences in beak structure were most directly due to 1.acquired characteristics in the parent finches 2.the size of the island where the finches live 3.mating behaviors of the different finch species 4.adaptations of the finches to different environments

According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, differences between species may be the result of 1.the disuse of body structures 2.the transmission of acquired characteristics 3.natural selection 4.mutagenic agents

Class Activity: Animal Cell Organelle Number Function Substance Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Vacuole Ribosome Mitochondria

Aim Review of Evolution

Definition of Evolution The change of a species over a long time

Proof of Evolution Fossils DNA Analysis

Electrophoresis Process used to analyze DNA in Fossils and match to DNA in current species Band position matches

Genetic Variety for Evolution Sexual Reproduction Mutations Crossover during Meiosis-gamete formation

Conditions Important to Evolution Variation (Differences) Overproduction Finite supply of resources (limited) Natural Selection

Changes from Evolution 1.Structural Change 2.Functional Change 3.Behavioral Change

Structural Change Homologous structures - Have different mature forms but developed from the same ancestors (embryonic tissues)

Adaptation An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance for survival

Patterns of Change Changes in species are related to environmental change Short reproductive cycles and many offspring leads to more change Failure to adapt leads to extinction

Facts on Charles Darwin Studied the Finches on Galapagos islands Finches developed different beaks based on their habitats (environments)