PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920 A21w 9.2.13

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Who were the Progressives? What reforms did they seek? How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

Progressivism WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era” WHO? “Progressives” 1901 1917 1920s WHO? “Progressives” urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women WHY? Address the problems arising from: industrialization (big business, labor strife) urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption) immigration (ethnic diversity) inequality & social injustice (women & racism)

Progressivism HOW? WHAT are their goals? Democracy – government accountable to the people Regulation of corporations & monopolies Social justice – workers, poor, minorities Environmental protection HOW? Government (laws, regulations, programs) Efficiency value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution Pragmatism – William James, John Dewey ( Darwinism) (Cf. scientific management/Taylor) HOW MUCH????? wikipedia

Origins of Progressivism “Muckrakers” Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890) Ida Tarbell – “The History of the Standard Oil Co.” (1902) Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904) Wadsworth.com; http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jsteffens.htm Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS professional social workers settlement houses - education, culture, day care child labor laws Enable education & advancement for working class children

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS workplace & labor reforms eight-hour work day improved safety & health conditions in factories workers compensation laws minimum wage laws unionization child labor laws Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913

State Social Reform: Child Labor “Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911 Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908 (1) Description: Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908. Photographer, Lewis W. Hine; Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail272.html (2) Description: Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908. The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily . photographer, Lewis W. Hine;Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail273.html (3) The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal. Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal, as attested by this 1911 headline. (Library of Congress); Pageant 13e History Companion (4) Lewis W. Hine. Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911.;"On other side of shed still younger children were working. Out of sixty working,... I counted 15 apparently under 12 years of age. Some 3, 4, and 5 years old were picking too.... Boss said they went to work at 3 A.M. and would quit about 3 or 4 P.M." ; PBS American Photography Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911 Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908

Settlement Houses Settlement Houses Hull-House – Jane Addams Hull House today: http://cpl.lib.uic.edu/004chicago/timeline/hullhouse.html; http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/addams/aa_addams_subj_e.html; (1906 picture) http://tigger.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/urbanexp/main.cgi?file=img/show_gallery.ptt&gallery=3 Jane Addams (1905) Hull-House Complex in 1906

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Anti-Saloon League Temperance Crusade Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Anti-Saloon League Frances Willard (1838-98), leader of the WCTU http://prohibition.osu.edu/Willard/; http://prohibition.history.ohio-state.edu/asl/OhioDry1.htm Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION Eighteenth Amendment Henretta, America’s History 4e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

Carrie Nation: The Saloon Smasher Member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Known for bursting into barrooms, wielding a hatchet or hammer, and smashing the saloon. Between 1900 and 1910, Nation was arrested some thirty times for her aggressive tactics. Do you think Carrie Nation's tactics were justified? Why or why not?

The Volstead Act The 18th Amendment was ratified in 1919 and took effect in 1920. The Volstead Act clarified the new rules surrounding prohibition. President Wilson vetoed the Volstead Act on constitutional grounds. His veto was overridden by Congress. Special stamps were required for medicinal liquors under the Volstead Act.

Songs of Prohibition Reaction to Prohibition? Speakeasies (illegal bars) Bootlegging (smuggling of alcohol)

"A Noble Experiment" The sale, transport, and consumption of intoxicating beverages became illegal. Many law-abiding Americans defied the regulations. The black market for alcohol was a boon for organized crime. Detroit police discover a clandestine still

The 21st Amendment Prohibition was unenforceable. Many deaths occurred from bootleg liquor. Political corruption increased. Smuggling grew out of control. During the Depression the potential jobs and tax revenue from the legalization of liquor increasingly attractive to struggling Americans. Thus, in 1933, the noble experiment of Prohibition came to a close with the ratification of the 21st Amendment

Al Capone By 1927 he was earning some $60 million a year from bootlegging. His gang was like a private army. He had 700 men under his control. He was responsible for over 500 murders. On 14th February 1929, Capone’s men dressed as police officers murdered 7 members of a rival gang. This became known as the ‘Valentine’s Day Massacre.’

Organized Crime The enormous profits to be made attracted gangsters who started to take control of many cities. They bribed the police, judges and politicians. They controlled the speakeasies and the distilleries, and ruthlessly exterminated their rivals.

The most famous of the gangsters of the 1920s was Al Capone.

Gangsters ran bootlegging industries and turned a huge profit. Unfortunately, they became rivals with other gangs, especially in big cities, leading to more violent crime.

Consumer Protection Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Meat Inspection Act (1906) Wadsworth.com (stockyards, Meatpacking workers); Brinkley 11e Instructor Resource CD (The Jungle); Theodore Roosevelt cartoon "A nauseating job, but it must be done“; Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking. (Utica Saturday Globe) Pageant 13e Chicago Meatpacking Workers, 1905 "A nauseating job, but it must be done"

WOMEN & SUFFRAGE

WOMEN “women’s professions” “new woman” clubwomen A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in 1894. Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.) http://www.nmwh.org/ProgressiveEra/gfwcpictures.html The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food, nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

Women’s Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Carrie Chapman Catt Wadsworth.com Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, 1912

Woman suffrage before 1920 Thomson Wadsworth Wadsworth.com

Women’s Suffrage Alice Paul National Woman’s Party Nineteenth Amendment Equal Rights Amendment Suffragette Banner 1918 Description: Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house. The first picket line - College day in the picket line line, 1917;Credit: Library of Congress. http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail294.html; Description: The 19th amendment; Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail317.html 19th Amendment National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917 (All: Library of Congress)