Principles & Applications Electronics Principles & Applications Sixth Edition Charles A. Schuler Chapter 1 Introduction ©2003 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

INTRODUCTION History Digital or Analog Analog Functions Circuits with Both DC and AC Trends

History 1899 Discovery of the Electron 1901 Radio 1906 Vacuum Tube 1943 First Computer 1947 Transistor 1958 Integrated Circuit 1971 Microprocessor 1982 Single Chip DSP

An infinite number of levels ANALOG

2 levels DIGITAL

ANALOG (non-linear)

Binary numbers Analog in … digital out 01101110 11001000 11000010 00001110 00001001 A/D converter

Digital in … analog out 01101110 11001000 11000010 00001110 00001001 D/A converter

D/A converter 10000000 00000000 11111111

Electronic Circuit Quiz The output of a typical digital circuit has _________ states or levels. two The output of a typical analog circuit has ________ states or levels. infinite Linear electronic circuits are in the category called ____________. analog An analog circuit with some distortion can be called ________. non-linear An analog signal can be changed to a numerical format by an ____________. A/D converter

ANALOG ELECTRONIC FUNCTIONS Oscillator Controller Divider Adder Switch Clipper Amplifier Detector Mixer Filter Comparator Subtractor Regulator Converter Multiplier Attenuator Rectifier

Many circuits are a mix of ac and dc. 10 V 0 V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kW 10 kW 10 kHz

+5 V 0 V -5 V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kW 10 kW 10 kHz

Note the loss in ac amplitude due to the drop across the 3.3 kW resistor. 0 V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kW 10 kW 10 kHz

Note the combined dc and ac. +5 V 0 V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kW 10 kW 10 kHz

Note that the dc signal is blocked by the capacitor. 0 V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kW 10 kW 10 kHz

Bypass capacitors are used to eliminate the ac component. +5 V 0 V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kW 1 mF 10 kHz Bypass capacitor

Capacitor/Resistor Quiz A node in an electronic circuit can have both dc and ac _________. components Capacitors support the flow of ac but block ________. dc Resistors provide equal opposition to both ____________. dc and ac When a capacitor is used to eliminate ac at a node it is called a ________. bypass A blocking capacitor is used to eliminate ________ at a circuit node. dc

Insertion Technology Solder Device leads pass through holes in the circuit board. Solder

Surface Mount Technology Solder SOT-223 Chip resistor Devices placed by automatic equipment Circuit boards cost less (fewer holes) Higher connection density Smaller and less expensive products Difficult to repair

Probing fine-pitch ICs is difficult without the right tools!

SMT integrated circuits. The “Wedge” probe from Agilent makes it possible to safely connect to fine-pitch SMT integrated circuits. Photograph courtesy of Agilent Technologies

REVIEW History Digital or Analog Analog Functions Circuits with Both DC and AC Trends