Gene Expression: from DNA to protein

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Presentation transcript:

Gene Expression: from DNA to protein How is DNA transcribed to RNA? In bacteria In eukaryotic cells How is mRNA translated to protein?

Central dogma phenotype

Transcription of RNA from DNA promoter 5’ 3’

Ribosomes act as the workbench for translation E. coli ribosome; large subunit in pink; small subunit in blue

tRNAs match amino acids to mRNA codons

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases “charge” amino acids to the right tRNAs

The universal genetic code

Translation starts at first AUG from 5’ end

Translation termination No tRNAs recognize stop codons. The ribosome stalls, and a release factor terminates translation.

mRNA is translated to protein Initiation: ribosomes bind to 5’ end of messenger RNA (mRNA), along with initiator Met-tRNA Elongation: proceeds 5'  3' along mRNA, in 3-base increments (codons) Polypeptide grows from N-terminus to C- terminus Termination: at stop (nonsense) codon

Prokaryotic gene expression http://statistics.arizona.edu/courses/EEB600A-2003/lectures/lecture24/lecture24.html

Eukaryotic gene expression

Pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes: addition of 5’ cap

Pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes: splicing to remove introns

Pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes: polyadenylation at 3’ end

Animations of transcription and translation Bioflix Molecular visualization on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls