Mythbusters de-bunk the sneeze http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKiQA5e-fPg Mythbusters de-bunk the sneeze http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoEqPnx7-Gs&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzRH3iTQPrk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0
Respiratory System
Respiration The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood. 3 basic processes: Pulmonary ventilation-inspiration/expiration External respiration-lungs/blood Internal respiration-blood/cells
Upper respiratory system Nose Pharynx Associated structures
Lower respiratory system Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
Conducting Portion Conduct air into the lungs: Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Portion Site of gas exchange. Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli
Medicinal Fields Otorhinolaryngology- commonly known as ear, nose, and throat specialist. Pulmonologist- dealing with diseases of the lungs.
Anatomy
Anatomy- MRI
Twitty and Sheens
Nose External nares or nostrils- bone, cartilage and mucous membrane Internal nares- connects external portion with the pharynx Nasal septum- perpendicular plate divides rt/lt sides ( ethmoid bone,vomer, and cartilage) Conchae(turbinates) superior,middle,inferior- increase surface are for: warming, cleansing, and moistening
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx Also known as the throat Skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane Nasopharynx- uppermost portion, hold adenoids, connects to Eustachian tubes ( equalize air pressure ), psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Oropharynx- middle portion, fauces (opening from the mouth), nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, both air + food Laryngopharynx- lowest portion, connects to esophagus and the larynx, nonkeratinized stratified squamous, both air + food
Larynx http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9Wdf-RwLcs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejVQEFbIfmI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpt0kigakWY&feature=fvwp&NR=1
Larynx Also known as voice box anterior to the C4-C6, connects the pharynx to the trachea Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage Thyroid cart. (Adam’s apple)- hyaline cart., forms front wall. Epiglottis- elastic cart. Detours food and liquid into the esophagus. Cricoid cart. Ring of hyaline cart. Attached to the first ring of cart. the top of the trachea
Larynx
LARYNX
Larynx
Larynx cont. Arytenoid cart.- superior to the circoid, mostly hyaline, attach to the true vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles. False vocal cords- upper pair of folds in the mucous membrane of the larynx, do not produce sound. True vocal cords- lower pair, produce sound. Laryngitis- inflammation of the larynx, interferes with the contraction of the cords. Can be acute or chronic
Trachea Also known as windpipe Connects larynx to primary bronchi Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. cilia moves trapped particles upward Cartilage layer- 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cart. Tracheostomy Intubation
Tracheostomy and Intubation
Trachea
Bronchi Rt. + Lt. Primary Bronchus connect the trachea to the lungs. Rt. side is shorter and more vertical Incomplete rings of cart. lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Divide into secondary bronchi, which divide into tertiary bronchi, which divide into bronchioles, which divide into terminal bronchioles(all make up the bronchial tree)
Bronchial tree
Bronchi cont. Changes as the braching becomes more extensive: 1. rings of cart. are replaced with strips 2. strips of cart. disappear 3. amount of smooth muscle increases 4. epithelium becomes nonciliated cuboidal and later simple squamous at the terminal bronchioles.
Regulation of Bronchi Parasympathetic and mediators of allergic reactions like histamine cause bronchiole constriction. Sympathetic and epinephrine cause bronchiole dilation. Asthma attack- bronchial smooth muscle spasm.
Lungs Paired , cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. Surrounded by a pleural membrane Parietal-attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity Visceral- attached to the surface of the lung Pleural cavity- space between the 2 linings Pleurisy- inflammation of the pleural membrane
Lungs Anatomy Base- bottom Apex- top Cardiac notch- concavity in left lung Right side is thicker, broader, and shorter Lobes in lungs divided by fissures Left- oblique fissure Right- oblique and horizontal Each lobe receives it’s own secondary bronchus. Left-superior and inferior bronchus Right- superior, middle, and inferior bronchus
Lobules Lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments supplied by it’s own tertiary bronchus. Each of these segments is divided into small compartments- lobules. Lobules each contain a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a terminal bronchiole wrapped in connective tissue
25 levels of branching Trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-terminal bronchioles-respiratory bronchioles-alveolar ducts-.
Alveoli
Lungs Gross Anatomy Base- bottom Apex- narrow top portion
Spirometers
Pulmonary Volumes
Emphysemas
http://www.youtube.com/embed/ObdX7P2gH3A
Alveolus Alveolus- cup shaped projection Alveolar sacs- 2 or more alveoli sharing a common opening. Made up of 2 types of epithelial cells 1. Squamous pulmonary epithelial cells- simple squamous, sight of gas exchange. 2. Septal cells- rounded or cuboidal cells that produce a phospholipid substance called= surfactant. * also include alveolar macrophages which remove dust particles and debris.
Pulmonary Ventilation Breathing Normal breathing=eupnea Gas exchange between atmosphere and the alveoli. All about pressure.
Inspiration Inhalation 1 atmosphere = 760 mm of Hg (at sea level) Boyle’s Law= the volume of gas varies inversely with its pressure
Pulmonary Ventilation
Muscles in Inhalation Diaphragm- decreases pressure in the lungs. External intercostals- elevate ribs Accessory muscles: only play a role in labored inhalation Sternocleidomastoid=elevate the sternum Scalene muscles= elevate the first 2 ribs Pectoralis minor= elevate the 3rd-5th ribs
Muscles in Exhalation Diaphragm and external intercostals relax. During forceful exhalation the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract.