Chapter 23: An Era of Social Change

Section 1: Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality A. Background 1. Latinos are people from Latin American countries. a. Mexico b. Puerto Rico c. Cuba d. Central and South America

2. Although most Latinos share a common language, there are major differences between different groups. Mexican-Americans: largest group. Lived in US after cession Braceros who stayed Puerto Ricans: Came after occupation in 1898 Got citizenship in 1917 Cuban Americans: Fled Communist Cuba. Many academics and Professionals NY, NJ, Miami

escape hard times in their countries encountered prejudice and discrimination segregated communities: Barrios High jobless and poverty rate due racism

New Arizona Immigration Law Makes it a state crime to be an illegal immigrant by creating a state charge of "willful failure to complete or carry an alien-registration document." Allows law-enforcement officials to arrest a person without a warrant if they have probable cause to believe the person has committed a public offense that makes him or her removable from the U.S. Makes it a crime to conceal, harbor or shield an illegal immigrant if the person knows or recklessly disregards the immigrant's legal status. Requires law enforcement to make a reasonable attempt "when practicable" to determine the immigration status of a person if reasonable suspicion exists that the person is in the U.S. illegally.

B. Push for Rights 1. Farm Workers Movement a. Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta pushed for the unionization of farm workers. Why? -needed to get rights for migrant workers b. Chavez used nonviolent civil disobedience to push California grape owners to allow workers to unionize. 2. In 1965, he launched a nation wide boycott and went on hunger strike.

3. “Brown Power” a. Across the country Latinos began embracing their cultural heritage. b. They pushed for bilingual education, called themselves “Chicanos” and ”Chicanas,” and pushed for better schools. -Brown Berets

4. Political Power MAPA: Mexican American Political Assoc. :Worked to protect interests and get Latinos Elected Independent Movements: La Raza Unida -Confrontational -Raided a courthouse to get issues known

II. Native Americans A. Push for Rights 1. Traditionally, NA have suffered the highest rates of poverty, unemployment, health problems and suicide rates. High rates of sickness High death rate among infants Natives had been isolated Declaration of Native American Purpose Wanted policies to help Natives 2. In the 1960s, many NA groups organized to fight for better living conditions. Young people formed the American Indian Movement.

3. The AIM pushed for the restoration of burial grounds, land and fishing rights. 4. NA marched on DC and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, SD 5. Congress passed the Indian Education Act (1972) and the Indian Self-Determination Act (1975). Gave tribes more control.

Section 2: Women Fight for Equality

I. Women’s Movement A. Feminism 1. The idea that women should have economic, political and social equality with men. 2. Began in 1840s, then after the Civil War, During WWI, post WWII. Took a long time for men to be ready to give up power 3. Jobs available to women clerical cleaning sales teaching nursing 4. In 1963, the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women reported that women were paid less than men. 5. Average income: 1970: Men—$6,670/Women—$2,237 2000: Men--$33,592/Women—$25, 532

Average Income

B. The Movement Spreads The Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission helped women fight discrimination in the workplace. A. Even in other movements, women were treated inferior. They needed their own movement 2. Betty Friedan formed NOW (National Organization for Women) pushed to end gender discrimination in three years NOW had 175,000 members Formed to speed government up Wanted gov. funded child care Wanted government to punish organizations that did not treat women equally

3. Gains: Higher Education Act: ended gender restrictions in colleges. Roe v. Wade: SC said women have a right to an abortion in the first three months of pregnancy. Equal Rights Amendment (1972): Constitutional amendment that would guarantee men and women have the same rights. Introduced 4 times earlier Passed by both houses of congress

Gloria Steinem Most recognized feminist Started National Women’s Political Caucus in 71 Started Ms. Magazine 1st magazine towards feminism

Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case allowed women to have abortions during 1st three months Supported by feminist group

C. Backlash Conservatives felt that the women’s rights movement had gone too far. Some questioned what was wrong with traditional roles 2. Many thought that the ERA would open the door for women to be drafted, the break up of families and same-sex marriage.

3. A conservative “pro-family” movement emerged. Known as the New Right. 4. By 1977, the ERA had been ratified in 35 of the 38 states needed. But, the deadline for the amendment’s passage came in 1982 and the ERA failed.

Accomplishments of movement Changing most women’s mind of goals in life From just a family to a career Many became lawyers and doctors Glass ceiling still a problem Led to election of many women

Most Success—Education

Section 3: Culture and Counterculture

I. Culture and Counterculture A. The Counterculture: 1. White middle class youths fed up with war in Vietnam and civil rights injustices. 2. The movement was short lived. 3. Members were called, “Hippies.”

Promoted by Timothy Leary, professor at Harvard, told young people to, “Tune in, turn on, and Drop out!

What is a Hippie? characterized by music, clothing, and drug use. claimed they were expanding their mind. huge contrast to conservatives. ۞Haight Ashbury: Hippie Capital

B. Decline of the Movement Peace turned into violence as crime rose in cities. 2. It became dangerous to live with druggies. 3. Charles Manson and the “Manson Family.” 4. A lot of Hippies overdosed. Including Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix.

Charles Manson

II. Changing Culture: A. Art: 1. Pop Art: simple depictions. 2. Andy Warhol: bright images, everyday life. 3. Criticism of conservative “cookie cutter” life.

B. Music Music reflected the counterculture. 2. Early Beatles vs. Hippie Beatles 3. Woodstock: 3 days of Music and Love…and mud…dirty people, drugs, no food…

Janis Joplin Interview Jimi Hendrix Jim Morrison

C. Conservative Response 1. Some of the country did not appreciate this new wave. 2. Nixon and FBI Hoover said it was terrorism! 3. Bunch of pampered whiny kids!