Biogeochemical Pathways Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus/Mineral Cycle

Biogeochemical Cycles A BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE is a circuit, or pathway, by which an element or molecule moves through both biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.

Water Cycle Continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water sources Water Cycle Vocabulary: Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration

Sources and Examples of Water Solid Polar ice caps, glaciers, icebergs Liquid Precipitation (rain, sleet, snow, hail): large droplets of water Surface water: lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, oceans Ground water Condensation: water vapor that forms droplets on dust Gas Evaporation/ water vapor: liquid water heated by the sun and rises into the atmosphere Transpiration: evaporation from leaves

Water Cycle: Human Impacts Dams Irrigation Cooling Ground water Surface water

Water Cycle

REMEMBER THIS!!! Water enters the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants. Water returns to the earth through precipitation.

Interesting Scientific Fact Changing the solid form of water (ice) to the liquid state of water requires heat. Changing water back into ice gives off heat. Knowing this, orange farmers in southern states spray their orange trees with water to prevent them from freezing during sudden cold snaps. The way it works is simple. As the water begins to freeze on the orange trees, it gives off heat which then prevents the fruit from freezing. The crop is saved.

Questions??? Question 1: How does water return to the earth? Question 2: What is transpiration? Question 3: How does water enter the earth’s atmosphere?

Carbon Cycle The process by which carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms. Carbon is an essential component of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and DNA which make up all organisms. Carbon Cycle Vocabulary: Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Decomposition Combustion Fossil Fuels Coal Oil Natural Gas

Carbon Cycle Producers converts carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere into glucose (carbohydrates) during photosynthesis. Consumers convert glucose that they obtain from eating producers into CO2 during cellular respiration. Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis also release CO2 during cellular respiration.

Sources and Examples of Carbon Decaying organisms Combustion: the burning of fossil fuels Respiration Limestone Oceans

Importance of Carbon Carbon may be converted into carbonates which make up the hard parts of bones and shells. They are not easy to break down. After millions of years, carbonate deposits produce large formations of limestone rocks, which is one of the largest carbon sinks or carbon reservoirs on Earth.

Importance of Carbon Some carbohydrates in organisms are converted into fats, oils, and other molecules that store energy. When an organism dies, carbon can be released into the soil or air. The stored carbon left over from the bodies of plants and animals that died millions of years ago can form fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) underground.

Carbon Cycle: Human Impacts When we burn fossil fuels (combustion), it releases carbon into the air. Natural burning of wood and forest fires as well as deforestation release carbon into the air. Excess carbon is thought to cause climate change.

Carbon Cycle

REMEMBER THIS!!! Carbon enters the atmosphere through cellular respiration, decomposition, and combustion. Carbon is absorbed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Humans have GREATLY impacted the carbon cycle by putting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through combustion than what is removed by photosynthesis!

Interesting Scientific Fact: When some prehistoric plants and animals died, they became buried over time by layers of Earth. During that time, they were changed into fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The carbon contained in those once living organisms is burned as a fuel for cars. That same carbon is then released into the atmosphere.

Questions??? Question 4: How does carbon enter the atmosphere? Question 5: How is carbon removed from the atmosphere? Question 6: How does carbon enter living organisms? Question 7: How are humans impacting the carbon cycle and what is one of the results from human impact?

Nitrogen Cycle The process in which nitrogen is cycled between the atmosphere, bacteria, and other organisms. Nitrogen Cycle Vocabulary: Legumes Root Nodules Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria

Examples and Sources of Nitrogen Animal waste Fertilizers Atmosphere (~ 78% nitrogen), but unusable to most living organisms It’s like being thirsty at The beach….you are surrounded by water and can’t drink It! It’s not in a form that is usable!

Examples and Sources of Nitrogen So, nitrogen must be fixed, or altered before organisms can use it! Nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the root nodules of legumes

Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Nitrogen fixing bacteria are bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen into chemical compounds that organisms can use. ALL other organisms depend upon these bacteria to supply nitrogen that they can use! These bacteria live in nodules on roots of plants called legumes (beans, peas, clover) The sugars in legumes produce compounds called nitrates. The left over nitrogen fixed by the legumes is released into the soil.

The root of a legume! See the nodules? The nitrogen fixing bacteria are in those nodules!

Nitrogen Cycle Plants that DO NOT have nitrogen fixing bacteria get usable nitrogen from the soil. Animals get nitrogen by eating plants and animals that have usable nitrogen in them. Nitrification: The process of making nitrogen into a form that is useful to plants

Nitrogen Cycle Decomposers break down waste, leaves, plants and animals and return nitrogen back to the soil. Some of the nitrogen returned back to the soil by decomposers get converted into nitrogen gas and goes back to the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a key component in our cells. Nitrogen helps to build proteins!

Nitrogen Cycle: Human Impacts Fertilizers with nitrogen can cause eutrophication. Erosion of nitrogen rich topsoil when vegetation is cleared. Burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen oxides which is a cause of acid rain.

Nitrogen Cycle

REMEMBER THIS!!! Atmospheric nitrogen (gas) is unusable by most living organisms. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide most of the usable nitrogen. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found on the root nodules of legumes.

Questions??? Question 8: Where is most nitrogen found? Question 9: Where does usable nitrogen come from? Question 10: What type of relationship exists between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes?

Phosphorus/Mineral Cycle The movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and back to the environment.

Examples and Sources of Phosphorus Phosphorus enters ecosystems when rocks erode and dissolve in the water or soil. Phosphorus can also be added through: Animal waste Decomposition Runoff fertilizers

Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus helps make up our DNA and is essential to from our bones and teeth!

Phosphorus Cycle Plants get phosphorus from the soil and water. Animals get phosphorus by eating plants or other animals

Phosphorus Cycle: Human Impacts Fertilizers with phosphorus can cause eutrophication. Erosion of phosphorus rich topsoil when vegetation is cleared.

Phosphorus Cycle: Human Impacts

Phosphorus Cycle

REMEMBER THIS!!! Most phosphorus is found in rocks and soil. The phosphorus cycle is the slowest cycle. Excess phosphorus contributes to eutrophication.

Questions??? Question 11: Where is most phosphorus found? Questions 12: What is phosphorus used for in humans?