Growth of the Industrial Revolution

Spread of Industrialization Great Britain was the first nation to industrialize. It tried to protect this head start by making rules against exporting inventions. Nevertheless, a British mechanic opened factories in Belgium in 1807, making that country the second to industrialize. By the mid 1800s, other nations in Europe—as well as the United States—caught up to Britain in the race to industrialize.

Spread of Industrialization Western Europe Spread to Germany, Belgium, France French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stage for industrialization After 1871, Bismarck sponsors rapid industrialization in Germany Eastern and Southern Europe The nations of eastern and southern Europe industrialized slowly. They lacked natural resources, capital, or ideal political conditions. However, Japan, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all industrialized during the late 1800s and built thriving economies.

Centers of industry were scattered across Europe

Industrialization in North America Began in 1820s in New England with cotton textile industry 1870s, heavy iron and steel industries emerged in Pennsylvania, Alabama By 1900, U.S. an economic powerhouse, industrialization spilling over into Canada Railroad construction stimulates industry

Mass Production Eli Whitney (U.S., 1765-1825) invents cotton gin (1793), also technique of using machine tools to make interchangeable parts for firearms Mass production becoming hallmark of industrial societies

The Demographic Transition Industrialization results in marked decline of both fertility and mortality Better diets Improved disease control Smallpox vaccine (1797) Declining fertility - contraception Urbanization proceeds dramatically 1800: only 20% of Britons live in towns with population over 10,000 1900: 75% of Britons live in urban environments Intensified industrial pollution City centers become overcrowded, unsanitary

Transcontinental Migrations Nineteenth to early twentieth century, rapid population growth drives Europeans to Americas 50 million cross Atlantic Britons to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potato famines of 1840s, Jews to abandon tsarist persecution United States is favored destination

Immigration to the U.S. 1870 - 1920

Women at Home and Work Agricultural, cottage industry work involved women: natural transition Double burden: women expected to maintain home as well as work in industry Working class women expected to work until marriage Domestic service Related to child labor: lack of day care facilities

Child Labor Child labor was an accepted practice Most children began work at age seven or eight. Nimble-fingered, small, and quick, they crept into machines to change spools or repair thread. They worked in dust- and lint-filled rooms. Children in mines worked in the dark and dampness for long hours, often doing hard labor. 1840s British Parliament began to pass child labor laws

New Social Classes Economic factors result in decline of slavery Capitalist wealth brings new status to non- aristocratic families Entrepreneurs organize manage businesses for a profit. Government does not interfere with labor or production regulations. Supply and Demand rule what will be produced and how much products will sell for. Middle class – small business owners, managers, professionals, etc. begin to emerge.

Economic Systems Mercantilism: the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Big Business Monopolies form Large corporations form blocs to drive out competition, keep prices high John D. Rockefeller controls almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S. German firm IG Farben controls 90% of chemical production Governments often slow to control monopolies

Socialism: a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

The Socialist Challenge Socialism first used in context of utopian socialists Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and Robert Owen (1771-1858) Opposed competition of market system Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) Two major classes: Capitalists, who control means of production Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor Exploitative nature of capitalist system Religion: “opiate of the masses” Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in favor of a “dictatorship of the proletariat”

Social Reform and Trade Unions Socialism had major impact on nineteenth-century reformers Addressed issues of medical insurance, unemployment compensation, retirement benefits Trade unions form for collective bargaining Strikes to address workers’ concerns

Crash Course World History #33

The effects of industrialization were both Since the 1800s people have debated whether industrialization was a blessing or a curse. People worked very long hours in dangerous factories. But new goods became widely available at low prices. Workers later gained the vote and political power. Wages rose in time. The cost of new products and of travel dropped. The industrial age brought great hardship. Pay was low, conditions were terrible, and housing was dismal. The effects of industrialization were both positive and negative.