Section 2 – pg 296 Carbon Compounds Chapter 8 Section 2 – pg 296 Carbon Compounds

Organic Compounds Organic Compounds: compounds that contain carbon Pg 297 Organic Compounds Organic Compounds: compounds that contain carbon Part of the solid matter of every organism on earth Part of products that are made from organisms IE paper products made from trees Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting points, boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity, and solubility

Pg 298 Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon: a compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen Methane (CH4), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), gasoline (C8H18)

Properties of Hydrocarbons Pg 298 Properties of Hydrocarbons Like many other organic compounds, hydrocarbons mix poorly with water. All hydrocarbons are flammable When they burn they release a great deal of energy, this is why they are used as fuels for stoves, cars and jets

Structure of Hydrocarbons Pg 299 Structure of Hydrocarbons The carbon chains in a hydrocarbon may be straight, branched, or ring-shaped

Pg 299 Structural Formulas Structural Formula: shows the kind, number and arrangement of atoms in a molecule Each dash represents a bond There are never any dangling bonds C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene

Pg 300 Isomers Isomers: compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas Each isomer is a different substance with its own characteristic properties Butane (C4H10) and Isobutene (C4H10) have different melting and boiling points

Double Bonds and Triple Bonds Pg 301 Double Bonds and Triple Bonds In addition to forming a single bond, two carbon atoms can form a double bond or a triple bond Single dash means single bond Double dash means double bond Triple dash means triple bond

Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Pg 301 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Saturated Hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons with single bonds allowing for more hydrogen to be bonded on the carbon chain The carbon atoms are saturated, or filled up with hydrogen atoms Suffix –ane Butane, methane, propane

Pg 301 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds have fewer atoms for each carbon atom Suffix –ene or -yne

Substituted Hydrocarbons Pg 302 Substituted Hydrocarbons Substituted Hydrocarbons: atoms of other elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon Include halogen-containing compounds, alcohols, and organic acids If just one atom of another element is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, a different compound is created Methane (CH4) ->Sub Cl for one H -> Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl) Methane (CH4) ->Sub Cl for two H -> Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2) Methane (CH4) ->Sub Cl for three H -> Chloroform (CHCl3)

Compounds Containing Halogens Pg 302 Compounds Containing Halogens In some substituted hydrocarbons, one or more halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms Halogen Family: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine Freon (CCl2F2): originally used as a coolant in refrigerators and air conditioner but was banned when found to be damaging the environment Trichloroethane (C2H3Cl3): used in dry-cleaning solutions

Alcohols Hydroxyl group: OH is substituted for H in a hydrocarbon Pg 302 Alcohols Hydroxyl group: OH is substituted for H in a hydrocarbon Alcohol: a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups Dissolve well in water Have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbons (CH4) Methanol (CH3OH)

Sub one OH for H in Ethane (C2H6) -> Ethanol (C2H5OH) Pg 303 Sub one OH for H in Ethane (C2H6) -> Ethanol (C2H5OH) Ethanol: produced naturally by yeast or bacteria Good solvent for many organic compounds that do not dissolve in water Added to gasoline to make fuel for car engines called gasohol Used in medicines and alcoholic beverages Denatured Alcohol: industrial ethanol with added methanol

Pg 303 Organic Acid Organic Acid: aka citric acid, a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups Carboxyl group: COOH Acetic acid: ingredient in vinegar Butyric acid: makes butter smell bad when it goes bad Formic acid: stinging nettle plants, ant bites

Pg 303 Esters Ester: a compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid Many esters have pleasant, fruity smells Responsible for the smell of pineapples, bananas, strawberries and apples Ingredient in some medicines such as aspirins and local anesthetic

Pg 304 Polymers Polymer: a very large molecule made of a chain of many smaller molecules bonded together Monomers: the smaller molecules Organic compounds, such as alcohols, esters, and others, can be linked together to build polymers with thousands or even millions of atoms Synthetic polymers: polyester, nylon, plastic

Chapter 8 Section 2 Homework – pg 304

1A. List properties common to many organic compounds

1B. You are given two solid materials, one that is organic and one that is not organic. Describe three tests you could perform to help you decide which is which.

2A. What are some properties of hydrocarbons?

2B. How are hydrocarbons similar? How are they different?

3A. What are three kinds of carbon chains found in hydrocarbons?

3B. Compare the chemical and structural formulas of butane and isobutane

3C. Draw a structural formula for a compound called butene 3C. Draw a structural formula for a compound called butene. In terms of bonding, how does butene differ from butane?

4A. What is a substituted hydrocarbon?

4B. What kinds of substituted hydrocarbons react to form an ester?

4C. What do you think the term polyester fabrics refers to?