Islam Re-cap yesterday’s mosque debate What is Islam? What was the debate about? What were the two sides of the debate? What is Islam?

The Muslim World Emergence of Islam Teachings of Islam Achievements in the Muslim World

Emergence of Islam: Geography Arabian Peninsula (Southwestern Asia) Today this area is known as Saudi Arabia

Emergence of Islam: Geography What do you see? Sandstorms Mostly desert People settle mostly at or near an oasis

EMERGENCE OF ISLAM: Muhammad Born in 570 B.C.E. in Mecca (site of Hajj today) At about 40 years old, begins to experience visions Becomes the prophet of Islam Message: “Recite!” “One True God” Allah

Emergence of Islam: hijra Not everyone listened to Muhammad Mecca at this time was a commercial center Merchants live off of people coming to pray to the traditional gods and idols Why do you think merchants would have a problem with Muhammad’s teachings? Faced with threats of murder, Muhammad and followers leave Mecca for Yathrib This journey is known as the hijra

Teachings of Islam: monotheism Arabian Peninsula at this time Clan-based society Worship Gods and idols Monotheism Very new to area Threatened society

Teachings of Islam: QURAN The Quran Sacred word of God (through Muhammad) In Arabic, it is the direct and un- changeable word of God All followers learn Arabic How do you think this has helped unite Muslims from different places? Ethical teachings Honesty, generosity, social justice Complete guide to living a good life Final authority on all matters

Teachings of Islam: people of the book Monotheism was not new to everyone Judaism and Christianity = the People of the Book Shared beliefs: Differences: One God Torah and Bible only Adam and Eve partial revelation Abraham Word of God God has no son Muhammad taught tolerance In general, People of the Book enjoy religious freedom

Teachings: Five Pillars of Faith Five pillars of Islam are the foundation of Muslim faith Just as video showed, not all Muslims know all 5 1. Shahadah (The Testimony of Faith) What is a testimony? What does it mean to testify in court? “la ilaha illa Allah, Muhammadun rasoolu Allah.” These are the only words you have to say with conviction to become Muslim There is no God besides Allah None has the right to be worshipped besides him God has no partner God has no son

Teachings: Five Pillars of Faith 2. Salah (Prayer) Pray five times a day As many as you can – some more, some less This brings a direct link between the worshipper and Allah. 3. Zakat (Charity) Give as much as you can Give of yourself through good deeds

Teachings: five pillars of faith 4. Saum (Fasting) During the month of Ramadan all Muslims fast from sunrise until sunset abstaining from food and drink 5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) Travel to Mecca at one time in your life if you can Fasting is intended to teach Muslims about patience, humility, and spirituality. It is a time for Muslims to fast for the sake of God. 9th month of the Muslim calendar.

What do you see?

Achievement Trade Art and Humanities Literature and Writing Mathematics Music Science and Medicine

Achievement: Trade Trade was an integral part of the Muslim world Merchants were honored Muhammad was a merchant Trade Spreads products and technology Manufacturing Artisans produce wealth of fine goods Guess what?! Trade = Peace and Prosperity = Innovation The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), and one of the most famous,

Achievement: trade Trade expands Camel caravans “ships of the desert” Travel the Silk Road The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), and one of the most famous,

Achievement: art Many works of art are rich in history and beauty Interwoven with beautiful stories One Thousand Arabian Nights Late one night I was suddenly awakened by a rustling noise outside my window. Through a space in the blinds, I saw a large rectangular carpet hovering above the willow tree. I opened the window, and the carpet … What does this remind you of?

Achievement: architecture Mosques Minarets Minaret serve as a visual focal point and a place where prayer could be called.

Achievement: Science and medicine Astronomy Navigation Pharmacology Anatomy Medical Practices

Achievement: Literature and writing Arabic Importance to faith Poetry Calligraphy Largest library of time-Baghdad Knowledge

Achievement: MATH Arabic Numerals Pioneered the study of algebra Geometry is vital to Muslim culture

ACHIEVEMENT: MUSIC New instruments Dancing Important for prayer services Songs tell tales and religious teachings

YOUR MISSION! Museum Exhibit Achievements in the Muslim World Pick 1 category you are interested in Sign up TODAY Research tomorrow and Friday DUE Tuesday, November 30th Tuesday after Thanksgiving Break

YOUR MISSION! Museum Exhibit Requirements: One artifact from the Muslim world One paragraph describing the what, where, when, who, how and WHY WHY question is most important (and is your reflection): Why was your artifact important in history? Why is your artifact important in our world today? Museum Exhibit Day Wednesday, December 1

YOUR MISSION! Museum Exhibit Achievements in the Muslim World Pick 1 category you are interested in Sign up TODAY Research tomorrow and Friday DUE Tuesday, November 30th Tuesday after Thanksgiving Break

Today 5 minute warm-up quiz Questions and answers about the spread of Islam Sunni-Shi’a Divide Reminder: Museum Exhibits DUE TOMORROW Reminder: Exam and Study Guide THURSDAY

5 Minute warm-up quiz Where was Muhammad born? a. Medina b. Oasis c. Mecca d. Yathrib

5 Minute warm-up quiz Which of the following is NOT a message that Muhammad preached to his followers? a. Treat each other well. b. You will be judged by God in the next life. c. There is only one God. d. The poor should be ignored.

5 Minute warm-up quiz All of the following are reasons that Muhammad was seen as a threat to the stability of society in Mecca EXCEPT: a. His message was embraced by the wealthy. b. His followers were those with little to lose: the poor, enslaved and women. c. His belief in one God threatened those who profited from the worship of idols. d. His teachings encouraged equality for all.

Islam: Questions and Answers What happened after Muhammad? How did the Islamic empire spread? What were the impacts of the spread? What is the basis for the Sunni-Shiite divide?

Islam after Muhammad What happened after Muhammad? Muhammad had united Arab tribes Many worried that Islam would disappear without him

Islam after Muhammad What happened after Muhammad? Abu Bakr Early follower of Muhammad Early convert to Islam Becomes the first caliph “If you worship Muhammad, Muhammad is dead. If you worship God, God is alive.” Reunites Arab tribes based on allegiance to religion Spread of Islam into the Islamic empire Caliph = successor to Muhammad; idea that not everyone liked the idea of Abu Bakr becoming caliph.

Islam: empire How did the Islamic empire spread?

Islam: empire How did the Islamic empire spread? ENTER MAP HERE

Islam: empire How did the Islamic empire spread? ENTER MAP HERE

Islam: empire How did the Islamic empire spread? Spread happens very quickly…but WHY? Some welcomed as liberators Generally, non-Muslims allowed to practice own faith Taxation on non-Muslims Fighting methods Common faith Message of faith is attractive Five Pillars Language Promise of paradise for falling in battle or jihad Liberators from Byzantine and Persians; Fighting methods – use cavalry and camels; Jihad – any battle in defense of Islam – mistake to translate it as holy war – effort in the service of God.

Impacts of the Islamic empire What were the impacts of the spread? Political Sharia Law Division into Sunni, Shiite, Sufi Social Women – confirmed their spiritual equality Veiling and seclusion – based on Persian and Byzantine traditions of upper-class women Hijab and Niqab Sharia – law developed by Muslim scholars interpreting the Quran and applying teachings to daily life. Women – before this, were not seen as equal, could not inherit property, greater protection under law – right to marry, right to inheritance, prohibited killing of daughters. Still difficult.

Impacts of the Islamic empire What were the impacts of the spread? Economic Trade Baghdad’s splendor Abbasid Golden Age Religion Adopted by many when Christianity is becoming very powerful Jerusalem and Constantinople Sharia – law developed by Muslim scholars interpreting the Quran and applying teachings to daily life. Women – before this, were not seen as equal, could not inherit property, greater protection under law – right to marry, right to inheritance, prohibited killing of daughters. Still difficult.

Islam: The Sunni-Shiite Divide What is the basis for the Sunni-Shiite divide? Muhammad dies without leaving a successor Sunni beliefs: Caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders Caliph is not a religious authority Shi’a/Shiite beliefs: Only true successors are descendents of Muhammad’s daughter and son-in-law Fatima and Ali Divine inspiration of descendants

Islam: The Sunni-Shiite Divide What does the divide mean today? 80%-90% of Muslims are Sunni Issues of minority and majority in the Middle East Violence Political unrest Example: Iraq

ISLAM: THE SUNNI-SHIITE DIVIDE Is peace possible for these groups? What are their similarities and differences?