Introduction to Migration UNIT 2: POPULATION & MIGRATION

Introduction to Migration Identify forms of Short Term Movements Define Migration and its objectives Compare Net-In and Net-Out Migration Identify forms of Migration Selectivity Compare Internal and International Migration Explain Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Define Step and Chain Migration Discuss Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model LEARNING TARGETS SESSION 5 Introduction to Migration

The key to migration is understanding the motivations for people’s movement either in the short or long term. The most basic form of movement is activity space or where you travel on a daily basis. Others include: Cyclic Movement: Your daily routine from your home and back Ex. Commute to work Seasonal Movement: Form of cyclic movement where you move from one place to another due to change in season Ex. Snowbirds or some forms of nomadism Periodic Movement: Involves longer periods of stay Ex. Going to college or serving in the military Transhumance: Pastoral farming practice of moving animals from hillsides to pastures…is both periodic and seasonal Ex. Semi-nomadic herders Short Term Movement

Introduction to Migration Migration: permanent movement to a new location – cross boundary between states, countries, cities, etc. Emigration: migration from a location Immigration: migration to a location Migration Stream: pathway from a place of origin to a destination Migration counter-stream: pathway of people moving back to the place of origin from the new place. 3 objectives of migration: Economic Opportunity Cultural Freedom Environmental Comfort Introduction to Migration Session 5

Net-In/Net Out Migration Net In-Migration: More immigrants than emigrants Net Out-Migration: More emigrants than immigrants Worldwide number of migrants has increased historically as travel has improved Immigrants from LDCs form an increasingly large proportion of many MDCs population

Net-In/Net Out Migration

Net-In/Net Out Migration

Determining Factors The decision to migrate fits into a predictable pattern based on various factors including age, income, and other socioeconomic factors…i.e. Push/Pull Factors Migration Selectivity: The evaluation of how likely someone is to migrate based on personal, social and economic factors

Migration Selectivity Economic Structure: People will migrate based their own economic condition compared to that of another region and determine the risk/reward Education: Typically, the more educated people are, the more likely they are to make a long distance move (this can happen both internally or internationally) and can lead to Brain Drain. Migration Selectivity Place Desirability: Possession of positive features making people want to live there Age Structure: Is the population one that is young enough…old people tend not to migrate in huge numbers Friction of Distance: How difficult is it migrate to a certain location Gravity Model: Asserts that closer places attract more migrants than more distant places…distance decay

Check for Understanding: Student Discussion What is activity space and the other forms of short term movement? What is migration stream? What is migration counter-stream? What is the difference between an immigrant and an emigrant? What are the main objectives of migration? What is net-in migration? What is net-out migration? What factors are included with Migration Selectivity? What is the Gravity Model? Friction of Distance? What role does age play in migration? Check for Understanding: Student Discussion

International Migration Internal Migration A permanent move from one country or another…also known as transnational migration Can be either voluntary or forced Recent patterns today include From Asia to Europe From Asia to N. America From Latin America to N. America A permanent move within the same country Can be interregional (one region to another) or intraregional (within the same region i.e. rural to city) Recent patterns today include From Rural to City (LDC’s) From City to Suburbs (MDC’s) From weak economic to affluent (Rust Belt to Sun Belt) Retirement (Florida/Arizona) Distance of Migration

Ravenstein’s Migration Laws Ernst Ravenstein, a 19th century British geographer identified generalizations about migration Most migrants travel short distances…i.e. step migration, or due to intervening obstacles (barriers to migration) Ravenstein’s Migration Laws Migrants who are traveling a long way tend to move to larger cities than smaller cities Rural residents are more likely to migrate than are urban residents Families are less likely to migrate across national borders than are young adults…leads to chain migration Every migrations stream creates a counter-stream

Patterns of Migration Step Migration Chain Migration 2 3 4 1 A migrant has a long-distance goal in mind and achieves it in a series of steps Ex. My family’s trip from India via England, Chicago and eventually Kingston, R.I. Chain Migration When people migrate to be with others that migrated before them because of a family or cultural tie. Ex. Europeans to New York City and other east coast cities

Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Demographic Transition Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky identified a Migration Transition Model (MTM), which consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition model (DTM). The MTM shows a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Stage Demographic Transition Migration Transition 1 Low NIR, high CBR, high CDR High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food 2 High NIR, high CBR, rapidly declining CDR High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban 3 Declining NIR, rapidly declining CBR, declining CDR High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs 4 Low NIR, low CBR, low CDR Same as stage 3

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