Primary Source Analysis Portuguese population 1961-2003, in thousands, (2005 Data from FAO) with emigration giving way to retornados,[2][3]ranging from 500,000 to 1 million after the revolution.

Decolonization and its impact Mr. Cruz, AC Flora High School

Means to Independence: Armed Colonies seek independence by force International support is needed for weapons Usually lasted longer than negotiated independence Long lasting issues

Means to Independence: Armed Angola 1960’s: Soviet influenced Guerillas fight Portugal 1974: Portuguese gov’t is overthrown by Portuguese citizens 1975: New government grants independence to Portuguese imperial possessions

Result: Redistribution of Resources Retornados: 300,000 Portuguese leave for Portugal after Independence Gov’t desires to redistribute abandoned resources, but struggles to figure out: Who? What? When? Where? How? Leads to conflict Angolan Civil War Communist supported MPLA, eventual winner USSR and Cuba send resources and troops Aids the “Spread of Communism”

Result: Transnational Movements Communism Pan-Arabism Pan-Africanism “African peoples both on the continent and in the Diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny”

Pan-Africanism Organization of African Unity / African Union Achieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and the peoples of Africa Defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States

Result: Population Resettlement

Result: Population Resettlement (cont’d)

Result: Population Resettlement Redrawing of Colonial boundaries Imposed boundaries Ex: India/Pakistan Religious-based Partition Hindus persecuted in Pakistan (20%-1945, 1%-2003) Muslims persecuted in India Forced migration

Result: Colonial Subject Migration Imperial powers view lax migration laws as a form of apology to former colonies Algeria to France (After 1962) – Evian Accord Seeking a “Better Life” Maintain family ties Fear of internal conflicts in Algeria French Reaction is negative, but committed to Post- Colonial “Obligations”

Result: Colonial Subject Migration DO NOT WRITE THIS! Zinedine Zidane French National Soccer Team Member Parents were from Aguemoune Ath Slimane, Algeria 2006 World Cup Final

Regional, Religious, and Ethnic Movements Nigeria Biafra

Contemporary Map of Nigeria (1)

Four Region Map (2)

Ethnic Diversity (3)

Religious Diversity (4)

OIL REVENUE IN NIGERIA (5) The Nigerian central government gains (and gained) a lot of its revenue from oil companies which pay a charge for the petroleum they ship out of Nigeria.  This table shows the percentage of total government  revenue which comes from these charges on oil.                             Year                    Percentage                             1958-59                      .08                               1962-63                    7.31                             1966-67                  18.26                             1970-71                  25.99                             1974-75                  80.81                             1978-79                  66.30                             1982-83                  67.00                             1986-87                  75.80                             1989-90*                97.24     *Last year of information on the source.  [Adapted from data in Eghosa E. Osaghae, Crippled Giant  Nigeria Since Independence (Bloomington:  Indiana University Press, 1998), p. 20.]

Ethnolinguistic Diversity (6) Living Languages Number of Speakers Country Count Percent Indigenous Immigrant Total Mean Median Nigeria   529 7.45 522 7 104,138,885 216,056 13,000 USA 420 5.91 214 206 278,640,074 787,119 440 www.ethnologue.com/statistics/country

The Failed State of Biafra

Prompt (answer on your own) How did regional, religious, and ethnic differences challenge the inherited imperial boundaries in Nigeria? http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20808106