Ethnicities Ch. 7 – AP Human Geography

Ethnicity in the United States

Ethnicity v. Race Ethnicity is defined as the identity of a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth Race is defined as the traits that can be transmitted genetically from parents to children (biological)

African American Migration Patterns Forced migration from Africa Spanish and Portuguese slave traders Triangle Trade

Internal Migration of African Americans Interregional Most freed slaves worked as sharecroppers, but others moved to northern manufacturing cities Migration from US South to northern cities during first half of 20th c. Intraregional Migration from inner-city ghettos to outer city and inner suburban neighborhoods during second half of the 20th c.

Voluntary Migration from Latin America and Asia Immigration from Mexico and Puerto Rico Third largest group of Hispanics in US came from Cuba Asia Ranking of sending countries – 1) China, 2) India, 3) Philippines, 4) Korea, 5) Vietnam

Segregation by Ethnicity and Race Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the constitutionality of “separate but equal” “Jim Crow” laws were used to segregate African Americans, especially in Southern states

Ethnicities and Nationalities

South Africa Apartheid Apartheid – physical separation of races into different geographic areas Determined jobs and education based on race Problems started with the Dutch and continued with the English Afrikaners created Apartheid in 1948 Laws were repealed in 1991

Ethnicities and Nationalities Nationality – identity with a group or people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country Nationality shares similar concepts with ethnicity but differs in terms of legal standing

Nation-States Self-determination is the right of a group to govern themselves A nation-state is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality In the 1900s, most of W. Europe was divided into nation-states

Nationalism Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nationality Flags, national anthems, etc.

Multinational States A multinational state contains two or more nationalities with traditions of self-determination UK (England, Scotland, Wales, and N. Ireland) is a multinational state)

Former Soviet Union: Largest Multinational State 15 republics created “the Iron Curtain” Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are new Baltic nation-states Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine are new European nation-states Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan are new central Asian nation-states

Russia: Now Largest Multinational State 39 different nationalities within Russia -- most want some autonomy

Ethnic Competition in Lebanon Nearly all Lebanese Christians consider themselves ethnically descended from the ancient Phoenicians Lebanon’s Muslims consider themselves Arabs Civil war occurred between Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, and Druze

Ethnic Diversity in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is inhabited by three principal ethnicities: Sinhalese (74%) – Mostly Buddhist Tamil (16%) – Mostly Hindu Moors (10%) – Mostly Muslim

Division of S. Asian Ethnicities Among Nationalities Britain’s end of colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 led to the birth of two new countries – India and Pakistan East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971

Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia Iraq 3/4 of Iraqis are Arabs 2/3 Shiite 1/3 Sunni 1/6 of Iraqis are Kurds Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan than to a nationality or major ethnicity Iran Most numerous ethnicity is Persian Adheres to Shiite Islam

Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia Afghanistan Most numerous ethnicities include Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara Faction of Pashtun called the Taliban gained control over most of the country in 1995 and promoted Islamic fundamentalism Pakistan Most numerous ethnicity is Punjabi

Ethnic Conflicts

Ethnic Cleansing in WWII Millions of Jews, gypsies, and other ethnic groups to concentration camps where most were exterminated Forced migration of ethnicities also occurred after WWII

Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia Bosnian Serbs tried to cleanse Bosnian Muslims It worked – the Serbs got more land Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo (Serbia) Serbs tried to cleanse the land of Albanians NATO stopped it Balkanization Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities Peace in the Balkans could mean that ethnic cleansing “worked’

Ethnic Conflict in Africa Ethnic conflict is widespread in Africa largely because the present-day boundaries of countries do not match the boundaries of ethnic groups European countries carved up Africa during the age of imperialism in the 19th and 20th centuries When colonies became states, some tribes were more divided and others were grouped with dissimilar tribes

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Central Africa Rwanda Genocide involving Hutus murdering hundreds of thousands of Tutsis began in 1994 Congo Conflict between Hutus and Tutsis spilled into neighboring countries

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sub-Saharan Africa Darfur Darfur’s black Africans launched a rebellion in 2003 because of discrimination experienced Sudanese gov’t crushed the rebellion, killing 480,000 and sending 2.8 million to live in refuge camps (considered genocide by many countries)

Ethnic Competition: Ethiopia and Eritrea Italy captured Ethiopia during WWII and made Eritrea a part of Ethiopia Eritrea and Ethiopia had a war for 30 years Now, both are separate countries Each are multi-ethnic and divided on many levels