Vocabulary Cash Crops – crops grown for money; more specifically refers to more specialized crops located mainly in or near the tropics (e.g., sugar, cotton, rubber, bananas, oranges, ...) Agribusiness – A company which specializes in the integration of all steps of the food process industry Ridge Tillage – System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. Thresh – To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it. Chaff – husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing

Vocabulary Commercial Agriculture – agriculture specializing in the sale of cash crops Subsistence Agriculture – The practice of growing enough to survive (LDCs) Sustainable Agriculture – agricultural practices that can be maintained Intensive Sustainable Agriculture - A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. Extensive Agriculture - yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land)

Agriculture In LDCs – farm products are consumed on or near the farm that they are produced In MDCs – farmers sell what they produce Elements of agriculture – climate, soil, topography, culture

Where did Agriculture Originate? Origins of Agriculture Location of agricultural hearths Classifying agricultural regions

First Agricultural Revolution 1st crop and animal domestication (S.W. Asia) Developed the 1st permanent settlements

Origins of Agriculture Agriculture – deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain Hunters and Gatherers Groups of <50 people Contemporary H&G 250,000 people today are hunters and gatherers Arctic, Australia, South America and Africa

Invention of Agriculture 2 types of cultivation Vegetative planting – the reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants Seed Agriculture – reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization

Location of Agricultural Hearths Vegetative planting Southeast Asia Fishing people and therefore more sedentary 1st were roots (yams, bananas, palm) Diffused northward and eastward to China and Japan and Westward through India and SW Asia, Africa, Mediterranean Livestock – dog, pig, chicken Other hearths were S. America and West Africa Hearths = West Africa, Northwest South America, S.E. Asia - India

Location of Agriculture Seed Agriculture Eastern Hemisphere Western India, northern China, Ethiopia SW Asia (S.E. Turkey); domesticated wheat and barley, cattle, sheep, and goats (used for labor, milk, skins, meat) Diffusion of seed agriculture Southwest Asia across Europe and through N. Africa Greece, Crete, Cyprus show early evidence Diffuse north through the Danube River basin to Baltic and North Seas Eastward from SW Asia to NW India and Indus River plain Northern China millet to S. Asia and SE Asia Western Hemisphere Southern Mexico and Northern Peru S. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras; Squash and Maize (corn) Hearths = Southern Mexico, N.E. Africa, N. China, N.E. India

2nd Agricultural Revolution Increase technology, crop rotation Population increase and migration to cities Development of commercial agriculture

Classifying Agricultural Regions LDC – subsistence farming Production of food primarily for the family MDC – commercial agriculture Production of food primarily for the sale from the farm 5 ways to distinguish between the 2 Purpose of farming Percentage of farmers in the labor force Use of machinery Farm size Relationship of farming to other businesses

Purpose of Farming Subsistence – produce for their own consumption Commercial – grow crops and raise animals for sale off the farm Agricultural products are sold to food-processing companies % in MDCs is very low Majority of population is involved in subsistence farming

Use of Machinery % farm size Benefits of machinery Transportation Scientific developments Electronics – GPS Farm Size Large for commercial agriculture Most are family owned Very expensive business

Relationship of Farming to Other Businesses Commercial farming = agribusiness Integrated into a large food production industry Farmers – 2% of labor force, 20% of labor force works in food production Manufacturing, production, distribution of all types of materials

Mapping Agricultural Regions Derwent Whittlesey – 11 regions; 5 LDC 6 MDC Separated by climate; drylands and tropics

3rd Agricultural Revolution The Green Revolution Use of genetically modified crops, chemical fertilizers Intensive mechanization in MDCs Agriculture becomes a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector activity

Vocabulary Green Revolution – diffusion and use of new agricultural practices, especially biotechnology Horticulture – the growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers Plantation – a large farm specializing in one or two cash crops for trade with MDCs Paddy –a Malay (from Malaysia) word used to describe flooded fields where rice grows Pasture – land used for grazing

Vocabulary Sawah – an Austronesian word used to describe flooded fields where rice grows Desertification – The process of turning arable land into arid land Shifting Cultivation – the practice of farming on one plot of land then relocating to another as the soil becomes depleted Pastoral Nomadism – a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals (sheep, goats, cows, etc) Land Rent Theory – the concept that states the greater the area available, the less the land will cost

Where are agricultural regions in LDC’s located? Shifting Cultivation Pastoral nomadism Intensive subsistence agriculture Plantation farming

Ester Boserup’s Rural Land Use Theory As the population increases, more food must be grown, and farms will achieve a very intensive use of farmland Population growth influences the types of subsistence farming. Bigger population = new farming methods Late 20th century LDCs population grew and people in cities grew = need to produce more food. Increase supply of food in 2 ways New farming methods Land is left fallow for shorter periods

New Farming Methods Increase technology Increase production Plows replace axes Increase production More weeding, more manure, more terraces, more irrigation Use labor that came from population growth

Land is left fallow for shorter periods 5 stages Forest fallow Use it for 2 years, left fallowed for 20 Bush fallow Use it for 8 years, left fallowed for 10 Short fallow Use it for 2 years, left fallowed for 2 Annual Cropping Used every year and rotated between legumes and roots Multi-Cropping Used several times a year and never left fallowed

Shifting Cultivation - Subsistence Humid Low-Latitude climate regions High temperatures and abundant rainfall Amazon in S.A., Central and W. Africa, S.E. Asia Very small 5% of people use it but it occupies the largest percentage of the world’s land area ¼ Live in small villages 2 main details Slash and burn agriculture (swidden = cleared area) Grow crops on fields for only a few years until nutrients is depleted

Pastoral Nomadism - Subsistence Pastoral = herding of animals Dry climates; arid & semiarid lands (N. Africa, Middle East, Central Asia) 15 million people occupy 20% of earth’s land Transhumance- seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture For people who live in LDC’s East, South, And Southeast Asia Must produce a large amount of food in a smaller area Wet rice – planting rice on dry land in a nursery then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth (sawah, paddy) Dominant in S.E. China, E. India, & S.E. Asia Inter tillage; manually clearing rows (rice) Abundant water is the most important factor when growing rice Agricultural output in South Asia each year depends on the monsoon rains To increase crop yields, farmers in China practice double cropping -2 harvest per year from 1 field. Wet rice in the summer and wheat, barley or other dry crops in the winter

Plantation Farming - Commercial Tropics and subtropics (Latin America, Africa, Asia) Generally in LDC’s but owned by Europeans or N.A. and grow crops for sale primarily in MDC’s (core-periphery) e.g.; cotton, sugar, coffee, rubber, tobacco, cocoa, jute, bananas, tea, coconuts, palm oil Example of a commodity chain - series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market Import workers and provide them with food, housing and social services.

Review: Types of Agriculture Intensive Extensive Small amounts of land, get as much as you can from it, very labor intensive. (Crop rotation). Large amounts of land, get as much as you can from it then move to a new location. (Shifting cultivation). Crop Rotation – Dividing a field into different parts uses most land worldwide   Inter tillage – manually clearing rows (rice) Shifting Cultivation – Farm till soil is used up the relocated (slash and burn) Being eliminated worldwide Greater use of technology and globalization Double cropping – obtaining two harvest in one year Pastoral Nomadism – migrating animal herds Transhumance – relocation based on the seasons Cattle feedlot is a good example of extensive land use Sustainable Agriculture – can be maintained unsustainable

Review: Types of Agriculture Subsistence Commercial grow enough to survive grow for sale Majority of people in the world are involved in this type of agriculture Truck Farming – large scale specialty farming for trade   Plantation Agriculture –Mostly practiced in LDC’s Example of Core-Periphery in agricultural trade Exporting of cash crops to MDC’s Combinations Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Intensive Commercial Agriculture Extensive Subsistence Agriculture Extensive Commercial Agriculture

Review Commercial cont. Agribusiness – Mass production and distribution of agricultural products Dominant form of agriculture in U.S., MDC’s Suitcase farms – Use cheap migrant labor Use of industrial agriculture – Assembly line mass production concepts in farming Integrated commodity chains – Control production from growing to selling to the customer Comparative advantage – produce goods cheaper than small family farms Family farmers have resorted to organic farming Appeal to environmental, social, and health concerns of consumers Allows for higher profits on products Sell directly to the consumer at farmers markets