CHAPTER 13 Goal: To understand how we use Human Genes (DNA) to help solve crimes, treat diseases, and better understand diseases like cancer. Ever watch a CSI??

Gel electrophoresis Demo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMxQ-65qYDk

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Section 1: Applied Genetics Section 2: DNA Technology Section 3: The Human Genome

13.1 Applied Genetics Selective Breeding Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics Selective Breeding The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding. Saint Bernard Rescue dog Husky Sled dog German shepherd Service dog

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics Hybridization Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster. A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and expensive.

Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics Inbreeding The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding. A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics Test Cross A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.

An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology DNA Tools An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome.

The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis. When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel. The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Gel electrophoresis The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Biotechnology Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Transgenic Animals Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research. Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Transgenic Plants Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls. Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest. Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition. Gene Splicing

The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome The Human Genome Project The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 30,000 human genes.

Each of the 46 human chromosomes was cleaved. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Sequencing the Genome Each of the 46 human chromosomes was cleaved. These fragments were combined with vectors to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make many copies, and sequenced using automated sequencing machines. Computers analyzed the overlapping regions to generate one continuous sequence.

Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to reading a book that was printed in code.

These regions are called noncoding sequences. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all the proteins in the body. The genome is filled with long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function. These regions are called noncoding sequences.

Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome DNA Fingerprinting Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals. The noncoding regions of DNA are unique to each individual. DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual.

A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases is called gene therapy. Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene. Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Genes are the primary information storage units, whereas proteins are the machines of a cell.

Name the process that scientists use to Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Name the process that scientists use to separate DNA fragments according to size. genetic engineering gel electrophoresis cleaving selective breeding A B C D CDQ 2

Which term explains how humans have been Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions Which term explains how humans have been able to produce a wide variety of domestic cats? homogenization inbreeding selective breeding test crossing A B C D FQ 1

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle? A B C D cross breed hybrid outbred purebred FQ 2

Harmful recessive traits can be passed Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions Harmful recessive traits can be passed through generations of purebred animals as a result of _______. hybridization inbreeding line breeding out crossing A B C D FQ 3

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross? to determine if the trait is dominant or recessive to determine the phenotype of the plants to determine if the plants carry beneficial recessive alleles to determine if the plants are homozygous dominant or heterozygous A B C D FQ 4

Which process separates DNA fragments Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions Which process separates DNA fragments according to size and has many applications in genetic engineering and biotechnology? DNA fragmentation gel electrophoresis transgenic cloning polymerase chain reaction A B C D FQ 7

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions The task of sequencing the entire DNA in human cells has been completed. True Fasle A B FQ 10

Look at the following image. These are the results of what process? Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following image. These are the results of what process? Answer: a test cross CAQ 1

BB Bb bb bW Standardized Test Practice Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur, the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea pig and performs a test cross with a female that has white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white? BB Bb bb bW A B C D STP 1

Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms? Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms? animals that can produce organs for organ transplants animals that can secrete enzymes that are useful to humans bacteria that can decompose oil spills and garbage plants that are resistant to insects and viruses A B C D STP 3

Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Image Bank