How did the First World War transform Europe? World War I How did the First World War transform Europe?

Nationalism Everyone thought their cause was just and went enthusiastically to war. Everyone thought it was going to be a quick and easy war.

Stalemate Stalemate on the Western front-Battle of the Marne stops German armies Neither Germans nor French armies can move forward, so they dig in. No one expected this!

Trench Warfare The line of trenches were protected by barbed wire, machine guns, and heavy artillery. Attempts to break through were futile with millions of deaths

New Weapons Zeppelins U-boats Poison Gas Tanks Airplanes

Total War How do you break a stalemate? Up the ante! Difference between civilian and soldier becomes blurred. Attacks on civilians—air raids by Zeppelins Women in the workforce (Britain grants women the right to vote in 1918)

War of Attrition Offensive war becomes a long drawn out defensive war. Attempt to wear your enemy down through constant attacks Battle of Verdun (Germans try to wear down French) Battle of the Somme (Allies try to wear down Germans) Everyone fails

Examining Paintings How did artists depict their experience of the war?

Artists as Soldiers Unlike previous wars that used career soldiers , civilians from every social class and occupation participated Among the millions of conscripts sent to the war were artists They painted from their experience of the war Otto Dix, Self-Portrait Wearing a Gunner's Helmet, 1914, ink and watercolour on paper

Stalemate Félix Vallotton, Verdun Interpreted War Painting, Coloured Black, Red and Blue Projections, Destroyed Lands, Clouds of Gas, 1917, oil on canvas

C. R. W. Nevinson, Machine-gun, 1915, oil on canvas

Fernand Léger, La partie de cartes (Soldiers Playing at Cards), 1917, oil on canvas

C. R. W. Nevinson, Explosion, c.1916, oil on canvas

C. R. W. Nevinson, Returning to the Trenches, 1914-15, oil on canvas,

Félix Vallotton, Les barbelés (Barbed- wire), 1916, woodcut,

Otto Dix, Assault under Gas, 1924, watercolour, New Weapons Otto Dix, Assault under Gas, 1924, watercolour,

William Roberts, The First German Gas Attack at Ypres, 1918, oil on canvas

C. R. W. Nevinson, A Taube, 1916-17, oil on canvas Total War C. R. W. Nevinson, A Taube, 1916-17, oil on canvas

Paul Nash, Night Bombardment, 1918-1919, oil on canvas

John Singer Sargent, Gassed, 1918- 19, oil on canvas

Georges Leroux, L'Enfer (Hell), 1917-18, oil on canvas

Eric Heckel, Zwei Verwundete (Two Wounded Soldiers), 1915, woodcut on paper

Otto Dix, "War Cripples," 1920

We are the hollow men We are the stuffed men Leaning together Headpiece filled with straw. Alas! Our dried voices, when We whisper together Are quiet and meaningless As wind in dry grass Or rats' feet over broken glass In our dry cellar T. S. Eliot, “The Hollow Men” Félix Vallotton, The Cemetery of Châlons sur Marne, 1917, oil on canvas

Frans Masereel, Arise, You Dead, Infernal Resurrection, 1917, woodcut

Otto Dix, Triptychon Der Krieg (War Triptych), 1929-32, tempera on wood

This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper. T. S This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper. T. S. Eliot, “The Hollow Men”