Well…Bellwork How did the test go? Opinion

Modern Era Bellwork What were two of Gorbachev policies that helped modernize the Soviet Union? Cultural openness, economic reform, Arms reduction, not backing communist states in revolutions

Objective WWBAT: Discuss in the impacts of the development of the Global Economy WWBAT: Introduce the development of the modern feminist and environmental movements

Interactive Notebook Setup 5/4/2016 Global Changes and movements This will be one page

Environmental Changes and Responses Growth, Instability, and Inequality Feminism Environmental Changes and Responses

Growth, Instability, and Inequality Economic globalization has helped generate the most remarkable increase in economic growth and creation of wealth in world history Value of total world output in 1950 = $7.1 trillion Value of total world output in 2003 = $55.9 trillion Positive impacts on human welfare: Growth in life expectancies Declining infant mortality rates Increasing literacy Falling world poverty

Growth, Instability, and Inequality Economic globalization has also created worldwide economic instability Example #1: 1973-1974 = oil shortage  rising oil prices  stock market crash  economic hardships for both developed and developing countries Example #2: 2008 = inflated housing market in U.S. collapsed  millions of home foreclosures  banks closing  growing unemployment  tightening of credit  declining consumer spending

Growth, Instability, and Inequality “Urban bias” Too much focus on city-based industrial development and neglect or exploitation of rural areas and agriculture “Male bias” Encouraging men to work in modern industries and women to work in agriculture Debate over capital and technology-drive projects versus investment in “human capital” Capital-driven projects = dams, factories, etc. “Human capital” investment = education, technical training, health care, nutrition, etc.

Growth, Instability, and Inequality Economic globalization increased the gap between the Global North and the Global South Clear division in the human community = the rich industrialized countries (mostly in Europe and North America) versus everyone else

Growth, Instability, and Inequality This widening gap has been evident in great differences in: Incomes Medical care Availability of clean drinking water Educational and employment opportunities Access to the Internet

Growth, Instability, and Inequality Contentious economic issues of eqaulity between the Global North and the Global South: Rules for free trade Availability of and terms for foreign aid Representation in international economic organizations Growing problem of indebtedness Environmental and labor standards

Growth, Instability, and Inequality Inequalities among developing countries themselves have also delayed reforming the world economy in favor of the poor Example #1: Oil-rich nations in the Middle East versus banana-producing countries of Central America Example #2: Rapidly industrializing states of China and India versus impoverished African countries Beijing, China Darfur, Sudan

Growth, Instability, and Inequality Economic globalization has also created inequalities within individual nations based on location, profession, ect For Example: U.S. = gap between unskilled Americans (manufacturing and low-wage service sector jobs) versus skilled Americans Mexico = gap between urban, industrial north and rural, agricultural south China = gap between rural households and those in the growing cities

Growth, Instability, and Inequality 1990s saw a creation of an international coalition comprised of many different groups of people from rich and poor countries alike Anti-globalization Movement developed to oppose to neo-liberal globalization

Growth, Instability, and Inequality Anti-Globalization movement claims: Lowered labor standards Devastated the environment Prevented poor countries from protecting themselves against financial speculators Ignored local cultures Disregarded human rights Enhanced global inequality Favored only the interests of large corporations and rich countries Antiglobalization Activists

Globalization and an American Empire U.S. = an “empire of production” Uses its wealth to entice or intimidate potential collaborators “Soft power” of the U.S.: Cultural attractiveness Political and cultural freedoms Economic benefits of cooperation General willingness of many to follow the American lead voluntarily

A Global Culture of Liberation 1960s = emergence of many protest movements suggested the creation of a global culture of liberation In the United States In Europe Civil rights movements of African Americans and Hispanic Americans Protests against unresponsive bureaucracy, consumerism, and middle-class values Counterculture of rock music, sex, drugs, etc. (“hippie” movement) Student-led protests against conditions in universities Protests against the Vietnam War Protests against police brutality

Feminism 1st wave = in the 19th century 2nd wave began in the 1960s Emphasis on: voting and political rights 2nd wave began in the 1960s Emphasis on: education, employment, reproductive and sexuality rights, etc.

Feminism Famous book that became central to the women’s movement in the West = Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) Disclosed the identity crisis of educated women who were unfulfilled by marriage and motherhood Made education and employment the forefront of the feminist movement in the West

Feminism Women’s Liberation Movement Brought into open discussion “taboo” issues involving sexuality Free love, lesbianism, celibacy, etc. Took broader aim at patriarchy as a system of domination, similar to those of race and class Belief = liberation for women meant becoming aware of their own oppression Preferred direct action vs. political lobbying Example: releasing stink bombs at the 1968 Miss America pageant

Feminism in the West: Women of Color Women of color believed that the concerns of white, middle-class feminists had nothing to do with their oppression They viewed mainstream feminism as a “family quarrel between white women and white men” White Women in West Women of Color in West Focus = on fighting the oppressive “family” structure, education, employment Focus = on fighting racism and poverty Sought liberation from the “chains” of homemaking and domesticity Had always worked outside of the home Viewed the family as a secure base from which to combat racism Wanted to work WITHOUT men Wanted to work WITH men of color

Feminism Different conditions in developing nations created sharp criticism of Western feminism Believed Western feminism was too individualistic and too focused on issues of sexuality, motherhood, marriage, and poverty Resented Western feminists’ interests in cultural matters such as female genital mutilation and polygamy  what would they know about that??  insulting and pretentious

Feminism in the Global South Women’s movements in the Global South took shape around a wide range of issues, not all of which were solely based on gender  examples: Country or Region Focus of Women’s Movement Kenya Providing support for one another, community projects, buying land/businesses, etc. Morocco Changing the Family Law Code to recognize women as equals to their husbands & let them initiate divorce and claim child custody Chile Ending military dictatorship, stopping torture and the “disappearance” of political opponents, economic survival, democracy South Korea Democracy, better pay & working conditions, end to sexual harassment in the workplace

Feminism Several sharp divisions within global feminism began to emerge: Who should speak on behalf of women?  Official delegates of male-dominate governments vs. more radical and unofficial representatives from nongovernmental organizations Global North vs. Global South issues Global North = focus on political and civil rights Global South = focus on economic justice, decolonization, and disarmament Different issues among nations in the Global South Example: Muslim women AGAINST equal inheritance because it violates Islamic law

Reaction to Feminism Global backlash to international feminism also began to emerge Believed this movement was too radical Believed it undermined family life, proper relationships between men and women, etc. In the Islamic World  people found Western-style feminism highly offensive due to its focus on gender equality and open sexuality Backlash from certain religions (i.e. Christianity)  especially with reproductive issues like abortion and birth control

Environmental Changes and Responses Major causes of increased human impact on environment: Population explosion New ability of humankind to tap the energy potential of fossil fuels  coal, oil, hydroelectricity, natural gas, nuclear power Unprecedented economic growth as science and technology increased the production of goods and services

Environmental Changes and Responses Most critical environmental transformation is global warming Global warming caused by two major factors: Increased burning of fossil fuels = emit heat-trapping greenhouse gases Loss of trees = would otherwise remove carbon dioxide from the air

Environmental Changes and Responses Concerns with global warming: Melting glaciers and polar ice caps Rising sea levels Thawing permafrost Extreme hurricanes Further species extinction

Environmental Changes and Responses 1st wave of environmentalism in the 1800s in the wake of the industrial revolution Expressed a need for “scientific management” of nature “Wilderness idea” = aimed to preserve untouched areas from human disruption Creation of many U.S. national parks No mass following or large global response Yellowstone National Park In Wyoming Established in 1872

Environmental Changes and Responses 2nd wave of environmentalism in the 2nd half of the 1900s Began with the publication in 1962 of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring Exposed the chemical contamination of the environment that threatened both human health and the survival of many species Generated an enormous response and launched the environmental movement in the U.S.

Environmental Changes and Responses This environmental movement spread to other parts of the West as well Club of Rome = a global think tank headquartered in Europe Germany = emergence of the Green Party Major concerns of Western environmentalists pollution, wilderness issues, and opposition to development in untouched areas

Environmentalism in the West Environmentalism in the Global South Green and Global 1970s-1980s = environmental movements began in the Global South as well Environmentalism in the West Environmentalism in the Global South National movement; many large national organizations More locally based Involved affluent members of the middle-class Involved poor people Engaged in political lobbying and corporate strategies Environmental movements often overlap with other movements for political and social reform More concerned with the rights of nature and wilderness protection More concerned with issues of: food security, health, and basic survival Relatively nonviolent movement Movements occasionally become violent  guerrilla warfare actions by “green armies”

Green and Global Late 20th century = environmentalism became a global concern Led to the global “green revolution” Legislation passed in many countries to limit air pollution Pushed many businesses in a “green” direction Fostered research on alternative and renewable resources Stimulated UN conferences on global warming Persuaded millions of people to “go green” and alter their way of life Generated many international agreements addressing issues such as ozone depletion and global warming

Environmental Changes and Responses Major conflict between the Global North and Global South Developing countries often feel that Northern initiatives to address atmospheric pollution and global warming will prevent their industrial development Global South pushed to limit its emissions to cut down on pollution, but they didn’t create that pollution in the first place Shouldn’t the industrialized countries accept more responsibility?

World Cup/Olympics

Global Interactions in Culture Sports --Baseball becomes majorly popular in Japan --The Olympic constantly grow in popular --Football (soccer) and the World Cup *spread around the world via the British *Colonial nationalists emphasized playing football to generate a national identity *Sports serve as a way for nations to interact Art --Other cultures represented in Western art, such as African sculpture in Pablo Picasso’s pieces and Japanese woodblock printing influence in Impressionism

Global Interactions in Culture Reggae --Roots in slave trade to Jamaica, Marcus Garvey’s Pan-Africanism of the early 20th century --1930s-Ethiopians believed new leader, Haile Selassie (originally named Ras Tafari) was the Messiah; translated this into new religion, Rastafarianism --1960s-American styles of R&B and soul led Jamaicans to adapt/transform those styles in new ways = reggae (Bob Marley) --Marley and The Wailers blended this with spiritual message of Rastafarianism and a political message of resistance --Reggae spread throughout the world