Key Concept 9.3 “The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership in the world forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and global role.” Big idea questions: How did Ronald Reagan interact with the Soviet Union in the 1980s? What led to the “war on terror” and what were its impacts domestically as well as internationally?

Key Concept 9.3, I “The Reagan administration promoted an interventionist foreign policy that continued in later administrations, even after the end of the Cold War.” 88 A: How did Reagain assert US opposition to communism? Speeches - “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”; “Evil Empire” Limited military interventions - overthrow of the government in Grenada Buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons - ICBMs, Strategic Defense Initiative - “Star Wars”

Key Concept 9.3, I B. What contributed to the end of the Cold War? Increased U.S. military spending Buildup of ICBMs Reagan’s diplomatic initiatives Relationship with Mikhail Gorbachev Political and economic issues in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika C) What were impacts of the end of the Cold War? New diplomatic relationships - expansion of NATO Peacekeeping interventions - Iraq in 1991, bombings in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Debates over America’s role in the world - could be connected to foreign policy pre and post WWII

Key Concept 9.3, II “Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, U.S. foreign policy efforts focused on fighting terrorism around the world.” 89 A: Attacks on 9/11 Al Qaida led attack on US - World Trade Center, Pentagon, and in PA Conflict in Afghanistan Response to the Taliban holding Osama bin Laden -> lengthly conflict Conflict in Iraq US-led conflict against Saddam Hussein -> suspected WMDs and connections to terrorism

Key Concept 9.2, II B: Impacts of the war on terrorism? Hoped to improve security in the US Raised questions about protection of civil liberties and human rights Civil Liberties - Patriot Act, increases power of the federal government to wiretap without warrant “Roving wiretap” - focuses on the person, not the device Edward Snowden

Key Concept 9.2, II C: Debates over fossil fuels and environmental impacts: Caused by: Conflict in the Middle East - 1st Gulf War - 1991 Concerns about Climate Change - An Inconvenient Truth D: US continued as the world’s leading superpower despite economic and foreign policy challenges

Test Tips Multiple-Choice and Short Answer US-Soviet Relations - especially with Gorby US in the post-Cold War world Essay Topics: Not exclusively on this time period Part of bigger theme Cold War policy - End of the War Civil Liberties post-WWII - Present Foreign policy post WWII - debates/changes