Types of territoriality State Ethnic Religious Racial Fears of “Balkanization” (splitting state) But common defiance of outsiders

Pan-isms Ethnic: Pan-Arab, Pan-Kurdish Religious: Pan-Islamic (Uniting same group from different states) Ethnic: Pan-Arab, Pan-Kurdish Religious: Pan-Islamic Racial: Pan-African States: Pan-American

Kurds Ethnic group in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria. Many Kurds for state of Kurdistan. States pit Kurds against each other

Iraq Ethnic: Arabs vs. Kurds Religion: Sunnis vs. Shi’as Rulers are Sunni Arab

Iran-Iraq War, 1980-88 IRAN (Shi’a Persian) vs. IRAQ (Sunni Arab) Iranians Iran-Iraq War, 1980-88 IRAN (Shi’a Persian) vs. IRAQ (Sunni Arab) Yet Iraqi Shi’as fought for Iraq, Iranian Arabs fought for Iran (State territoriality won) Iraqis

Armenia-Azerbaijan War, 1988-94 ARMENIA (Christian) vs. AZERBAIJAN (Shi’a Mulsim) Yet Shi’a Iran stayed neutral, fearing ethnic Azeris in NW Iran (Ethnic territoriality won) Armenian (above) and Azeri views

Kashmir conflict INDIA (Hindu) vs. PAKISTAN (Muslim) (CHINA) INDIA (Hindu) vs. PAKISTAN (Muslim) PAKISTAN CHINA INDIA British India partitioned into two states, 1948. Kashmir had Muslim majority but Hindu ruler. Wars split Kashmir between India, Pakistan, and China (all now have nukes) Indian and Pakistani propaganda maps

Mediterranean Sea Nile River

British Palestine 1918-48 Arab ethnic majority Jewish religious minority grew in 1940s

UN Partition Plan, 1948 Jewish State (Israel) Arab State (Palestine) International Zone (Jerusalem)

Israeli Jews vs. Palestinians. other Arabs

Israeli Settlements and Palestinian towns in the West Bank, 2000 Israeli settlers see as historic Jewish homeland Palestinians compare illegal settlements to Apartheid

Israel Zionism: Jewish (religious) territoriality Israelis are multiethnic European, Middle Eastern, Newer Russian, Ethiopian immigrants Arab Israeli minority

Palestinians Arab (ethnic) territoriality (in West Bank and Gaza Strip) Arab (ethnic) territoriality Palestinians are multireligious Muslims and Christians Ethnic nationalist movement, but some newer Muslim groups

Water & Israel’s border

Palestinian autonomy, 2000 Gradual turnover of Israeli- Occupied areas to Palestinians for “Two-State Solution” Plan collapsing as killings increase

Wall, Barrier or New Border? Israelis: “Security Barrier” to keep bombers out of Israel. Palestinians: “ Wall” isolates villages, cuts water access

Jerusalem: Holy City to Jews, Muslims, and Christians

Jerusalem West (Israeli); East (Arab) with Israeli settlements

Palestinian and Israeli propaganda maps Israeli map lumping together Arab states; depicting tiny defenseless Israel Palestinian map without Israel

Cold War propaganda map: “Red menace”

View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War Lumping failed to recognize differences among Communists, or local causes of conflict

“Clash of Civilizations” theory Samuel Huntington theory of Western, Islamic, Slavic, etc. “blocs” in conflict with each other.

“Clash of Civilizations” theory Fails to recognize differences within each “bloc.” Most sources of conflict are local (often ethnic), not religious. Often blames the victim for the conflict. The West shares responsibility for conflicts (military aid arms both sides)

Lumping Arabs or Muslims after Sept. 11

How Many Americans View the World

Cartoon: Bush’s View of the World Problem: some former allies later seen as “evil”

GEOPOLITICS State’s power to control territory, shape international policy and other states’ foreign policy

Growth of Russian Empire

African colonies

Decolonization, 1940s-1990s

Divide-and-conquer Ethnic nations split between Berlin Conference divides map of Africa, 1884 Ethnic nations split between and within colonial empires (British, French, Russian) But “clean” ethnic boundaries also not possible

Mackinder’s Heartland Theory (Whoever controls Pivot Area can control the world) The “Great Game” between Britain and Russia, 1800s-1900s

Enlargement of Soviet bloc after World War II Berlin Wall, 1961-89

NATO and Warsaw Pact, 1945-89

Changes in Europe, 1990-93

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2002 Kosovo military zones

European Union euro Began as European Economic Community (EEC), 1957. Stronger in 1994 10 new members to join, 2004

United Nations member states Switzerland 2002

Other international alliances