Passive Voice ESOL Grammar 4

Passive Sentences All of the verb tenses & forms we have learned about so far have been ACTIVE. That is, they focus on who or what PERFORMS the action. Passive sentences focus on the RECEIVER or the RESULT of an action. We use passive sentences A LOT in academic writing.

Passive Voice The TV was stolen. Who did it? How do we form a passive voice sentence? The TV was stolen. Subject + be verb + verb (past participle)

be + Verb(pp) Passive Voice The TV was stolen by Roberto. Roberto! What if you know who did it! The TV was stolen by Roberto. Subj. + be verb + verb (p.p.) + by + (agent) Important >> be + Verb(pp)

Practice (homework) Complete Exercise 2 – p. 212

Tense Forms of the Passive We can change active sentences in every verb tense into passive sentences: Simple present & past Present & past progressive Future – will & be going to Present, past, and future perfect The progressive forms of the perfect tenses are rarely used in the passive.

Simple Present/Past & Past Passive Be + Past Participle The boy is helped by Mary. The boy was helped by Mary. The National Anthem is sung at ball games. The National Anthem was sung at the ball game.

Present and Past Progressive Be + Being + Past Participle The boy is being helped by Mary. The boy was being helped by Mary. The National Anthem is being sung. The National Anthem was being sung.

Future Passive – Will & Be Going To Will/Be Going To + be + past participle The boy will be helped by Mary. The boy is going to be helped by Mary. The National Anthem will be sung. The National Anthem is going to be sung.

Present & Past Perfect Passive Has/Had + Been + Past Participle The boy has been helped by Mary. (Pres.Perf.) The boy had been helped by Mary.(Past Perf.) The National Anthem has been sung. The National Anthem had been sung.

Future Perfect Passive Will + Have + Been + Past Participle The boy will have been helped by Mary. The National Anthem will have been sung.

be + Verb(pp) Passive Voice Important >> If you need to change tenses, change the “be” part, but not the “pp” part. be + Verb(pp)

Let’s review Passive Voice Various Tenses/Forms Active Voice Passive Voice Simple Present He washes the car. The car is washed by him. Present Progressive He is washing the car. Present Perfect He has washed the car. Simple Past He washed the car. Past Progressive He was washing the car. Past Perfect He had washed the car. Future (with Will) He will wash the car. Future (with be going to) He is going to wash the car tomorrow. Future Perfect He will have washed the car by 5 pm tomorrow.

Passive Voice: Various Tenses/Forms Active Voice Passive Voice Simple Present He washes the car. The car is washed by him. Present Progressive He is washing the car. The car is being washed by him. Present Perfect He has washed the car. The car has been washed by him. Simple Past He washed the car. The car was washed by him. Past Progressive He was washing the car. The car was being washed by him. Past Perfect He had washed the car. The car had been washed by him. Future (with Will) He will wash the car. The car will be washed by him. Future (with be going to) He is going to wash the car tomorrow. The car is going to be washed by him. Future Perfect He will have washed the car by 5 pm tomorrow. The car will have been washed by him.

Let’s Practice P. 212 Exercise 3 (1- 9) Is opened Is being opened Has been opened Was opened Was being opened Had been opened Will be opened (*) Is going to be opened Will have been opened(*)

Passive Voice: Making Questions The sofa was slashed (by Roberto). Y/N question: Was the sofa slashed by Roberto? Wh- question: Why was the sofa slashed by Robero?

Using Passive Voice Because the passive voice sounds impersonal, it is mostly used in situations involving Rules Instructions Announcements Advertisements Processes >Passengers are required to show their passports. >The result of the negotiation over government shutdown was announced Friday night.

Passive Voice with Various Tenses Exercise 3 p212 (10-12) Was the door opened… Will the door be opened… Has the door been opened… Exercise 4 p213 Exercise 5 p213 (homework)

Passive Voice without “by + agent”

Passive Voice without “by” I don’t know who did it The lamp was smashed. It’s understood. The Great Wall was built thousands of years ago. I don’t want to mention the agent. Some very basic grammar errors were made in the test. With “by” - focus on the receiver or result The thief was caught by the detective.

Passive Voice without “by + agent” Practice (Play a game) Exercise 12 p216

Let’s Practice Exercises 14 p. 218

Please check Exercise 9 P.215 (homework) A package was delivered to our apartment yesterday. Maria taught her son to read when he was three. When I was in elementary school, we were required to wear uniforms. As we watched, the airplane disappeared into the clouds. I agreed with your decision yesterday. Timmy dropped a plate after dinner last night. The plate fell to the floor with a crash. What happened yesterday? My cat was hit by by speeding truck. She was killed instantly. She died instantly.

Please check P. 216 and 219 (homework) Exercise 11 Were killed by tornadoes. Is going to/will be announced Are consumed Have been recalled Is going to/will be delayed Exercise 16 Is produced Is being treated Are controlled…are determined Was informed…was told Is exposed…affects Have been destroyed Was recognized…was asked…took Knew…multiplied…came

Passive Voice of Modals and Modal Phrases Refreshing memory: What are modals? What’s so special about modals? What happens when modals are added in the passive voice?

Passive Voice of Modals and Modal Phrases Elephants are not protected, but people should do something to protect them. >> Elephants … Elephants should be protected.

Elephants should be protected. Obligation Necessity Regret or mistakes Expectations

Elephants should be protected. Sample Sentences Obligation Elephants must be protected. Necessity Elephants have to be protected. Regret/ mistakes Elephants should have been protected. Expectations Elephants are supposed to be protected.

Practice Exercises 18, 19, p. 221-222

Let’s Check Page 223-224 (HMW) Exercise 21 (sample answers) Must be married Must/have to be written Must have been left Should/ought to/must be encouraged Cannot be explained May/might/could/will be misunderstood Must have been embarrassed Should/ought to have been built Must/should be saved

Guessing Almost certain 99 % Guessing 50%

Degree of Certainty 100% Almost certain must have to have got to Not very certain Degree of Certainty must have to have got to can’t + v. must have couldn’t have should ought to may might could may have might have could have

When was the house burglarized? 100% (You know it’s 3:30 am – no guessing) 99% (You almost sure) 50% (You’re guessing) *Tip – this happened in the past, so use the “guessing about the past” modal expressions

When was the house burglarized? 100% The house was burglarized at 3:30 pm. 99% The house must have been burglarized between 2 and 4 am. 50% The house may have been burglarized early this morning.

The Great Wall was built thousands of years ago. Regret/mistakes in the past (It was a mistake to build the Great Wall…) Guessing (99% certainty) (Who built it?) Guessing (50% certainty) Warning (serious/urgent advice) (It needs to be maintained…)

The Great Wall was built thousands of years ago. Sample Sentence Regret/ Mistakes The Great Wall shouldn’t have been built in the first place. Guessing (99% Certainty) The Great Wall must have been built with a lot of man power over the years. Guessing (50% Certainty) The Great Wall may have been built by aliens. Warning (serious advice) The Great Wall had better be maintained regularly or it will disappear in 100 years.

Necessity, Expectation, Future in the past passive sentences Original Sentence Added Meaning The students were not told that the trip had been cancelled. Necessity >> The house was not painted the next day. Expectations >> (He promised to repair the computers yesterday but he didn’t do it.) Future (be going to) >>

Non-Progressive Passive The door was locked. I am interested in Indian art. Anne is married to Alex. I am done with my homework. No action is taking place. No “by + “ phrase The past participle functions as an adjective.

The non-progressive passive Examples: I locked the door five minutes ago. NOW: The door is locked. Ann broke the window yesterday. The window is broken.

Non-Progressive Passive Exercise 26 p227 Is made Is shut Are turned Is not crowded Is finished Is closed Was closed Is set…are done…are lit Is gone Is torn

Page 228 (homework) Exercise 27 Am lost Is…crowded Is scheduled Am exhausted Am confused Is stuck Are turned off Are divorced Are …qualified Am married Is spoiled Is blocked Is located Was born Is…plugged in

Non-Progressive Passive Common non-progressive passive verbs + prepositions He is known for his sculptures. See Chart 11-6 on p229.

Let’s Practice P.229-230 Exercise 29 About For In with Of To In/with Exercise 31 (HMW) To With Of A: to; B:of/by A: with; B: in; A: to

Homework P.231-233 Exercise 34 Acquainted with Filled with Is covered with Is finished with Is addicted to Am satisfied with Is engaged to Is divorced from Are…related to Is dedicated to Is dressed in Is committed to prepared for Done with Exercise 34 Acquainted with Filled with Protected from Connected to Addicted to Dressed in Exposed to Gone from Qualified for Located in

Passive with Get I’m getting hungry. Let’s eat soon. GET may be followed by certain adjectives (see list on p. 233). GET gives the idea of change – the idea of becoming, beginning to be, or growing to be. I’m getting hungry. I wasn’t hungry before, but now I’m beginning to be hungry. I stopped working because I got sleepy.

The Passive With Get GET may also be followed by a past participle. The past participle functions as an adjective (it describes the subject) The passive with GET is common in spoken English, but not in formal writing. I stopped working because I got tired. They are getting married next month. The athlete got hurt by the ball. The students are getting prepared for their test. The girl got done with her chores. * See p. 233 for a list of common past participles used with GET

“Get”: Why do we use it instead of “be”? The vase got broken when I bumped into the table. (accidentally) She got awarded a big prize. (unexpectedly) I got blamed for losing the money. (unfairly) ******* We use “get” to emphasize action or change. It suggests that something happens accidentally, unexpectedly, or unfairly.

“Get” with relationship words They got engaged last year. They got married in April. They got divorced 2 months later.

“Get” + P.P.: Practice A: When do you get irritated? B: When I get held up in traffic. What about you? A: That doesn’t bother me, but I get irritated when I have to wait in line for a long time.

Let’s Practice P. 234 Exercise 37 Am getting hungry Got wet Get nervous Is getting dark Is getting better Get well Get accustomed Get done Got depressed Did…get invited Get paid Got hired Got fired Got engaged… got married… got divorced… got remarried

Present and Past Participle as Adjectives Based Verb Present Participle Past Participle Tire Tiring Tired Relax Excite Shock Amaze Bore Confuse

Present and Past Participle as Adjectives Based Verb Present Participle (adjective: active ) Past Participle (adjective: passive) Tire Tiring Tired Relax Relaxing Relaxed Excite Exciting Excited Shock Shocking Shocked Amaze Amazing Amazed Bore Boring Bored Confuse Confusing Confused

Present and Past Participle as Adjectives Based Verb Present Participle Past Participle Depress Embarrass Exhaust Frighten Interest Surprise Amuse

Present and Past Participle as Adjectives Based Verb Present Participle Past Participle Depress Depressing Depressed Embarrass Embarrassing Embarrassed Exhaust Exhausting Exhausted Frighten Frightening Frightened Interest Interesting Interested Surprise Surprising Surprised Amuse Amusing Amused

Present and Past Participle as Adjectives I was bored yesterday because the teacher was boring. She was confused because the test questions were confusing. They were frightened by the frightening scream from the dark.

Present and Past Participle as Adjectives “-ed” adjective The noun (or subject) experiences a feeling. They were relaxed after hearing the soft music. “-ing” adjective The noun (or subject) causes a feeling. The soft music was very relaxing to them.

Review It was a (shock /shocked/shocking) story: An alien just landed in Cypress, Texas! Listening to his long speech is very (exhaust/exhausted/ exhausting). I would rather not go to the meeting. I had been so (bore/bored / boring) that I started sending emails to everyone on my contact list – all 365 of them! The vacation was really good. We felt (relax/ relaxed/relaxing) afterwards.

Homework Exercise 41, 45,50 (homework) Study for Unit 11 Quiz

Homework P. 236, 238 Exercise 41 boring bored exciting excited surprising surprised frightened frightening exhausting exhausted Exercise 45 locked embarrassing injured challenging expected printed experienced grown; balanced spoiled sleeping

Homework P. 241 Exercise 50 interested hurt; taken boring were helped announced was the automobile don’t agree worried happening been confused were very afraid; ran to our houses…; scared; see his axe fell; began; did