10th World Studies 11.02.17 Turn in: Take out: Today’s objective: Stamp Sheet Planner Pen/pencil Notes Monarch Chart & Map of Europe Today’s objective: I can describe how the rise of Austria and Prussia impacted the balance of power in Europe. Today’s Agenda: More Confusion… The Divine Right of Kings The 30 Years War The Holy Roman Empire Austria/Prussia (Hohenzollern Family) Maria Theresa HW: Let’s see how things progress… In-class: read 16.4 (525-529) Maria Theresa Bio included Map skills on 526 as well

Divine Right of Kings (DROK) Divine Right of Kings: The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin. Oh, but how did this develop?!? Was it sent from heaven, the Bible, the Church, the people???

Divine Right of Kings (DROK) Obedience is the principal virtue of all virtues. ... God ordained that in families and households the wife should be obedient unto her husband, the children unto their parents, the servants unto their masters, but also, when mankind increased --From a homily against disobedience and willful rebellion (1570) [during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I]

Divine Right of Kings (DROK) However tyrannically kings act, they are never to be actively resisted. (The doctrine of non-resistance).If the king orders an act directly against God's commands, the subject should disobey but must submissively accept any penalty of disobedience. (The doctrine of "passive obedience" ). The doctrine was neatly encapsulated in the satirical song, “The Vicar of Bray,” which insisted that To teach my flock, I never missed: Kings are by God appointed, /And damned are they that dare resist, / Or touch the Lord's anointed". And this be law, that I'll maintain until my dying day, sir That whatsoever king may reign, Still I'll be the Vicar of Bray, sir. --The Six Books of the Commonweal (1576) by Jean Bodin The “power” of the Church??? Shifting???

Divine Right of Kings King James I (VI) speech from 1610 In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families, for a king is truly parens patriae, the politic father of his people. And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man. King James I (VI) speech from 1610 Uhhh…Macbeth reference?!?

What is this Holy Roman Empire? By the 16th Century (maybe it’s whole existence…) the Holy Roman Empire is: NOT Holy 30 Years’ War NOT Roman It’s really “German” kingdoms—more influence in “German” lands than other areas and populations NOT an Empire It’s a loose collection of feudal kingdoms…not to be “unified” until the late 19th Century

30 Years’ War & HRE Kingdoms ruled by families: Hapsburgs—Austria (but also Spain…Charles V quits on Spain, gives it to Philip II) 2. Hohenzollern –Prussia Hapsburgs—Catholic Hohenzollern—Lutheran (religion AGAIN?!?) 30 Years’ War & HRE

Historical Background Because of the execution of Jan Hus in 1415, Bohemia was a hotbed of contention between Protestants and Catholics. (Bohemia consisted of Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia and Lusatia). By 1600, Protestants outnumbered Catholics in Bohemia but the Protestants were fragmented into denominations or sects Emperor Rudolph II issued a Letter of Majesty granting some limited freedoms and tolerance to Protestants but Rudolph died before Protestants fully enjoyed the limited freedoms Catholics forbade Protestants to build churches in towns where Protestant churches did not already exist Ferdinand II was to be the new King of Bohemia and Protestants feared for the worst

The Defenestration of Prague Protestants set up a meeting with Catholic officials in Prague on May 23, 1618. Meeting went badly, the Protestants seized two Catholic officials and tossed them out the window; for kicks they tossed a secretary, too. This event is known as The Defenestration of Prague. The word defenestrate comes from Latin word for “window” (oder das Fenster auf Deutsch) and means “out the window” Survived the fall because they landed in a dungheap or ditch; Catholics claimed angels saved them This was the spark that ignited the 30 Years’ War

Defenestration of Prague

The 30 Years’ War Four Phases of the 30 Years’ War: The Bohemian Phase (Wallenstein…) The Danish Phase (Edict of Restitution…) The Swedish Phase (Cardinal Richelieu…Wallenstein is back…Adolphus dies) The French Phase (Wallenstein killed…French back the Protestants…fighting drags on…)

The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) Fighting between Catholics and Protestants began soon after the Defenestration in 1618 The Protestants used a force made up mostly of Czechs and deposed Ferdinand, King of Bohemia; they chose Frederick V to take his place The Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, used funds from the Catholic League and the Spanish Habsburgs to build an army The Catholic forces crushed the Protestants at the Battle of White Mountain and the Jesuits attempted to win over those Protestants who weren’t inclined to fight The defeat and the propaganda had a different effect than intended

The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) As the fighting went on, mercenaries joined the fight looking to make some money in the war Albrecht von Wallenstein, born a Czech Protestant, offered his services to the Emperor Reluctantly the Emperor commissioned Wallenstein and his 125,000 soldiers Wallenstein and his men unleashed destruction on Germany The Emperor had no control over Wallenstein or his men, though During the fighting in Bohemia, the Spanish attacked the holdings of Frederick along the Rhine River Frederick and the Protestants had their hands full already and could not win back the land from Spain

The Danish Phase (1625-1630) Habsburg enemies all over Europe were horrified at Wallenstein’s antics King Christian IV of Denmark decided to enter the war to help the Protestants turn the tide in Germany Wallenstein proved to be too much for King Christian Feeling confident after Wallenstein’s successes, the Emperor issued the Edict of Restitution in 1629 The Edict outlawed all sects of Christianity other than Catholicism and Lutheranism Lutheranism took a hit, though, because the Edict restored Protestant-held once-Catholic lands to the Church, effectively undoing the Peace of Augsburg—princes were able to determine C or L following in their respective lands (1555)

The Danish Phase (1625-1630) The Habsburgs reached the pinnacle of their power by 1630 Also by 1630, the Emperor (Ferdinand II) felt pressure from across Europe to control Wallenstein because he had become too powerful and unpredictable The Emperor made Wallenstein back off

The Swedish Phase (1630-1635) Protestantism on the continent seemed to be in trouble so King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered his 100,000-man army in the contest Gustavus Adolphus hoped to help the Protestants in Germany but he also hoped to exert his influence in the region The French, at the urging of Cardinal Richelieu, subsidized the Swedish forces France hoped to undermine the Habsburgs by aiding the Habsburg enemies Gustavus Adolphus experienced success in the North so the Emperor reluctantly requested the services of Wallenstein once again

The Swedish Phase (1630-1635) Gustavus Adolphus suffered a wound in battle in 1632 and died By 1634, the Swedes were at the point of defeat Things looked very bad for Protestants in Germany until…

The French Phase (1635-1648) Wallenstein had been so angry at the Emperor at his dismissal, he turned on the Emperor in hopes of creating his own empire In response, the Emperor had Wallenstein’s own troops murder Wallenstein Some of the Protestant Princes jumped ship and joined forces with the Emperor France couldn’t stand to watch the Habsburg power increase so the French officially entered the war on the side of the Protestants Neither side possessed the power to knock out the other so the fighting dragged on until 1643

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) The 30 Years’ War officially ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia The treaties recognized the sovereignty of the 300+ German princes The treaties disallowed papal meddling in German religious affairs The treaties upheld the Peace of Augsburg, added Calvinism to the list of religions allowed in German states and nullified the Edict of Restitution

Immediate Results of the 30 Years’ War After the Peace in 1648, the northern states in Germany remained primarily Protestant while the southern states in Germany remained primarily Catholic The United Provinces and Switzerland won recognition as independent states German princes won the right to form alliances and sign treaties as long as they didn’t declare war on the Holy Roman Empire

Immediate Results of the 30 Years’ War Please remember these TWO Points: Sweden won cash and land in the Baltic region France won the region of Alsace

Political Fallout from the 30 Years’ War Because Spain lost territory and France gained territory, France stood alone as the most powerful nation on the continent France also benefited from the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire and the weakening of the Habsburg family influence the political power of the Holy Roman Empire faded into oblivion; the Habsburg family remained wealthy and strong, though, and would go on to rule the Austro-Hungarian Empire later

The Aftermath in Germany Though Germans seemed to win politically and religiously, the Germans lost in other ways German homes, businesses and farms were destroyed en masse during the war The German population took a major hit millions dead from battle, disease and starvation over the course of the war and the years immediately following the German population decreased by as much as 20% according to some sources (psst…this might be something we see again: “Germany” being devastated…)

Aftermath in Germany (continued) Food shortages plagued Germany and worsened the suffering of Germans who survived Inflation crushed the German economy; food shortages and rising prices coincided with the massive influx of gold and silver into Spain Trade routes in and around Germany virtually disappeared Ironically, a very few towns grew as refugees moved in for safety

Things You Must Remember The 30 Years War began as a war of religion and developed into an international war of politics While the war started as a religious war, the war had NO religious solutions… France proved that international politics would be more important in the coming centuries than religion No participant in the 30 Years War possessed a large enough army to knock out its opponents; Louis XIV (psst…foreshadowing…)

You must remember this … (Continued) The Alsace region would be hotly contested (again…you need to remember this!!!) The Holy Roman Empire historically had more influence in Germany than anywhere else in Europe; therefore, the sovereignty of the German princes essentially meant the end of the Holy Roman Empire Because the vast majority of the fighting took place in Germany, the German states suffered more than any other participants (a theme, perhaps?!?)

The Rest of Our Time together… 1. READ 16.4 (525-529) This is an individual activity… Include Maria Theresa Bio Include Maps on 526 2. Monarch Chart & Map: Focus on: A. Maria Theresa—Austria B. Frederick Wilhelm I—Prussia 3. Critical Read on Frederick (II) the Great Make notes, questions, etc. Be able to explain if he fits our concept of Absolutism—CONSTRUCT A RESPONSE (in your notes…)