Feb 8 2016 BR: What is nationalism?

ISMS Conservativism- a political ideology that does not favor change. Preferred old system of monarchies and aristocracy. Liberalism- a political ideology that prefers change, power to the people. Laissez Faire economics and representative democracies.

Warning! In 2016 America, the terms liberals and conservatives have changed. Libs- favor more of a government takeover to ensure equality. Cons- favor more of a hands off approach to ensure everyone has equal opportunity.

Types of Nationalist Movements UNIFICATION Mergers of politically divided by culturally similar lands Examples 19th century Italy 19th century Germany

Nationalism Shakes Old Empires Three aging empires began to crumble… The Austrian Empire of the Hapsburgs The Russian Empire of the Romanovs The Ottoman Empire the Russian Empire’s leaders decided to use a policy called russification, which forced Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empire this actually helped strengthen nationalist feelings and helped to disunify Russia

Cavour Unites Italy Nationalism did not only destroy empires, it helped build nations Italy formed from crumbling empires 1815-1848 – fewer Italians were content to live under foreign rulers

Cavour Leads Italian Unification Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest and most powerful of the Italian states Kingdom adopted a liberal constitution in 1848 Unification sounded like a good plan to the liberal middle-class.

Garibaldi Brings Unity While Cavour was uniting northern Italy, he secretly helped nationalist rebels in the south May 1860 – a small army of Italian nationalists captured Sicily Army known as the Red Shirts Leader – Giuseppe Garibaldi, and his followers, always wore a bright red shirt in battle

Germany Before Germany Like Italy, Germany also achieved national unity in the mid-1800s 1815 – 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation The Austrian Empire dominated the confederation However, Prussia was ready to unify all the German States

German Confederation

Prussia Leads German Unification Prussia had several advantages: Prussia had a large German population Unlike the Austro-Hungarian Empire Nationalism unified Prussia and tore Austria-Hungary apart. Prussia’s army was the most powerful in central Europe Berlin rioters forced a constitutional convention to write up a liberal constitution for the kingdom, paving the way for unification

Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister of Prussia Did not believe in fluffy politics and speeches Thought power was gained by military strength

Realpolitik Bismarck became a master at realpolitik Means “the politics of unity” Used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism “It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided but by blood and iron.”

Dealing with Parliament Bismarck declared that he would rule without: Consent of parliament Legal budget These actions were in direct violation of the constitution

The Franco-Prussian War 1867 – a few southern German states remained independent Southern Germans – Catholic Prussia – Protestant South resisted domination by Prussia Bismarck felt that the southerners would give in if they felt an outside threat Bismarck felt that a war with France would suffice

Franco-Prussian War (cont.) Bismarck manufactured “incidents” Created the impression that the French ambassador had insulted the Prussian king France reacted by declaring war in 1870 Prussia entered France and captured 83,000 people including Napoleon III Parisians finally gave in due to hunger Final stage of German unification

After the War Southern Germans finally had nationalistic feelings Accepted Prussian leadership 1871 – Captured the Palace of Versailles and created the country of Germany there King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser or emperor Called empire 2nd Reich Holy Roman Empire was the first

Unification laid the seeds for..