The Creation of Nation-States Big Changes in 19th Century Europe

Mid - Late 1800s Big Ideas 1848 revolts collapsed >> Conservative ↑↑ Crimean War ends Concert of Europe & spurs instability and change Italian unification by war & diplomacy German unification by war, led by OVB Changes in Austria, France & Russia Victorian Age of GB: Disraeli & Gladstone Ireland ??

Ottoman Empire at its “MAX”

Crimean War (1853 – 56) Root Causes Realities Outcomes R expansion v. GB trade Holy Places Q = F v. R Realities R occupies OE lands OE / GB / F vs. R Bloody, Poorly fought Outcomes Ends Concert of Europe R loses land & prestige / Black Sea Political Instability

Crimea >> Ottoman Empire Reforms Hatti-I Sharif >> Tanzimat (reform) Era More Legal Equality Hatti-i Hϋmayun Euro ideas in OE Equal rights / duty Power struggles Balkan Wars 1870s Lost Land >> modernization Rise of Young Turks 1908 ↑↑ Secularization divides / weakens OE

Italian Unification… in phases Romantic Republicans Ineffective secret societies 1830s-40s Carbonari (N) = Middle Class No peasant support Giuseppe Mazzini = Young Italy Poor, Republican, anti-RCC Guerilla Warfare >> fear! Moderates seek Papal Leadership 1848 Pope Pius IX … failed Roman Republic  Leadership vacuum… now what?

Italian Unification Machiavellian Style Camillo Cavour ($) PM Piedmont Economic Nationalism Piedmont v. Austria Supports F / GB in Crimea Def. Austria = Land Sardinia-Piedmont controls N. Italy… next?

Italian Unification… final phases Giuseppe Garibaldi Red Shirts… rebels! Sicily >> Naples Unification Sicily + Naples + P-S = Italy! King Victor Emmanuel II Venice + Rome… join Realities… Transformismo = corruption N =$$, modern, industry S = poor, backward, rural

The German “Problem” 1850s Who is to rule the German speaking peoples? “Kleindeutsch” v. “Grossdeutsch” solutions Prussia? Austria? Prussia German Confed. Austria

German Unification 1848 unification attempts by liberals failed Zollverein = trade union G together $$ Otto von Bismarck = Prussian Chancellor Conservative Unify by eliminating Austrian influence Provoked WAR to unify: “Kleindeutsch” Danish War: A+P v D >> Schleswig- Holstein Austro-Prussian War >> Treaty of Prague Annexes northern kingdoms Franco-Prussian War… Pr + southern German States v F >> Alsace Germany! OVB 1st Chancellor of 2nd Reich

Germany Created 1871!

Changes in France… again! Empire >> Liberal Republic Paris Commune… 1871 riots Some liberals want Paris to separate Occupied by Prussia 1871 - 73 New National Assembly >> 3rd Republic 1873

Controversy in France Dreyfus Affair Rising Anti-semitism Alfred Dreyfus accused as a traitor Corrupt trial >> guilty! Rising Anti-semitism Public outrage over corruption = division! Emile Zola “J’Accuse” T. Herzl + Zionism

Hapsburg Austria 1800s

Changes in Habsburg Austria Multi-ethnic Austrian Empire Magyars (Hungarians) seek recognition & power Emperor tries to change… Magyars reject changes… Austrian defeats >> concessions lead to dual kingdom (A – H) Other minorities (Czech, Slovaks, etc.) want change, rejected by A ↑↑ Discontent inside the empire

Changes in Russia Russia behind, no industrialism… Crimean War = exposed, lost prestige abroad & at home >> “Autocratic absolutism…” Alexander II >> reformer… Emancipation of serfs 1861… new courts, limited freedoms + ∆s in military…assassinated  Alexander III >> oppressive, autocratic… secret police, limited freedom of press…

Changes in Great Britain Parliamentary Monarchy… liberal or conservative? Queen Victoria… Victorian England… Etiquette, Empire Reforms… 2nd Reform Act = increase suffrage Benjamin Disraeli…conservative William Gladstone… liberal Irish Question… home rule?