Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society 1815-1914 25.0 | As stated

19th Century Urban Population Factory workers and urbanization Proletarianization = wage economy; no control over means of production USA argued slave labor negated wage repression Women High demand in domestic industries Worked on top of domestic “duties” Suffrage movement [early 20th century] Political feminism as byproduct of social efficacy

European Urbanization c. 494% 1850 1880 1914 Berlin 419,000 1,122,000 2,071,000 Birmingham 233,000 437,000 840,000 Frankfurt 65,000 137,000 415,000 London 2,685,000 4,470,000 7,256,000 Madrid 281,000 398,000 600,000 Paris 1,053,000 2,269,000 2,888,000 Vienna 444,000 1,104,000 2,031,000 c. 457% c. 638%

New Political/Social Ideologies Marxist critique of capitalism 1848 Karl Marx: Bourgeoisie exploitation of labor Capitalism hurts more than it helps Communism: society controls the means of production, not businesses German Social Democrats 1875 Opposed Bismarck’s militaristic state Wilhelm I’s administration passes state-sponsored health care, insurance, and disability aid to wean SPD’s influence British Labour Party Fabianism [c. 1884] and gradual social change in society [Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]

Russian Bolshevism Uhh? The Romanov Dynasty Abolition of serfdom 1861 Communism and Vladimir Lenin [f. 1903] Bolsheviks – “majority” [radical socialists] Mensheviks – “minority” [moderate socialists] Russo-Japanese War 1904-5 Embarrassing loss 1905 Revolution [St. Petersburg] The Duma [bicameral] Issues with corruption Rasputin and the Tsar

North American Industrialism Follows European pattern around 1870 Little prejudice against trade and commerce as in Europe New industrial elites rise and become political Shortage of labor meant wages were high[er] Immigration America as “promise land” for good wages and cheap land Unions emerged as in Europe, although these were segregated Aggressive demands [Pullman Strike 1894 Chicago and Fed troops] Unlike Europe, no legislation was passed [HC, insurance, et cetera] Progressives v. Political Machines Reform and regulation

Modern European Thought Charles Darwin The Origin of Species 1859 and Natural Selection Social “Darwinism” Physics X-rays, radiation, atoms, electrons, et cetera All became the focal point of the science Morality [c. 1870] Social upheaval changed perspective Friedrich Nietzsche: Christianity and democracy promote mediocrity Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud [f. 1897]: sexuality as primal human instinct/drive

Islam Europeans viewed Islam as incapable of science and new ideas Jamal al-din Al-Afghani (1839-1897) Theory on “600 year-younger” Islam Islam divided on “Westernization” Ottoman decline seen as sign of religious error What happened?