Today’s Goals Introduce general strategies for editing and revision Discuss the English verb system, including verb tense, complex verb phrases, and subject-verb agreement,

Editing and Revision Two types of revision: Local revision: whenever you make changes to a text that affect only one or two sentences. Grammar and spelling revision usually falls into this category Local revisions should be focused on towards the end of the writing process, after global revisions or changes that affect the content of the essay Global revision: when a change in one part of your essay affects other parts of your essay Any changes to your thesis statement or thesis question will likely fall here Also includes changes to the main ideas of the essay, the structure, purpose, audience, and genre Changes to topic sentences and transitions also fall here You should be globally revising your essay throughout the writing process and certainly with every new draft. Global revisions are the most important revisions

Editing and local revision Editing, particularly with local revisions, requires two separate skills: Perception The ability to identify incorrect forms or parts of the essay that need revision Knowledge In order to make appropriate corrections, you must know the correct form (spelling/grammatical/MLA format/etc.) to use or the intended goal of a piece and how best to accomplish it at the sentence level We will work to cultivate both of these skills in our monthly editing and grammar classes

Grammar Basics Parts of speech English sentences require a: Noun Adjective Verb Adverb Article Preposition English sentences require a: Subject + verb phrase (or predicate) Some verbs can stand alone as an entire phrase by themselves, but other verbs will require one or two objects to make a complete sentence

Grammar basics Nouns and pronouns can often be deceptively tricky when learning English What are some examples of words that are not nouns but can function as nouns in a sentence? Pronouns will have a subject form and object form depending on their function in a sentence In English, nouns can be classified as either COUNT nouns or MASS nouns This classification will have an impact on subject-verb agreement as well as what words can be used to modify these nouns

Grammar Basics Count nouns: Mass nouns: Can be quantified, counted, and made plural Examples: chair, class, computer, book, light Make sure you are using the correct singular or plural form for agreement Mass nouns: Cannot be quantified, counted, or made plural Example: sugar, reading, water, courage, wine Mass nouns are considered singular for agreement purposes Test: If you are not sure if a noun is count or mass, try adding one of the following words before it: few + noun, many + noun, two + noun Count nouns can be modified in this manner while mass nouns cannot

Unit 2 Grammar: Verbs General verb guidelines Every sentence requires a finite verb Infinitives and auxiliary verbs do not count as finite verbs Finite verbs will usually come in one of five forms: base form, past tense, past participle, present participle, or –s form The verbs in an English sentence must agree with the person and number of the subject of that sentence Within a sentence that has multiple verbs, the verbs must agree in tense with one another

Verb Tenses Base Past (-ed) Past Participle (-en/-ed) Present Participle (-ing) Third Person Singular (-s) Note: the past and past participle tenses have many irregular forms depending on the verb

Unit 2 Grammar: Verbs Perfect Progressive Passive Have + past participle verb (usually –ed or –en) I have eaten lunch already today Progressive Be + present participle verb (-ing) I am eating lunch right now Passive Past be + past participle (subject and object are flipped from the original sentence) Normal: I performed the experiment Passivized: The experiment was performed by me today

Compound Constructions Perfect Progressive I have been fishing all over the world Perfective Passive That experiment has been performed five times Progressive Passive The apple was being eaten by worms Perfect Progressive Passive Prometheus’ liver has been being eaten since the dawn of time

Group activity: Unit 1 grammar – part 1 of 2 In your unit 1 groups Identify the verb phrase being used as passive, progressive, or perfect Emily has taken that English course before Mario is still trying to beat Jamie’s high score The dragon was defeated by the knight The bel had rung five times before I made it to class Jason was being evaluated by his boss Identify whether the noun below is mass or count Rice Soccer notebook Ice Bottle

Group activity: Unit 1 gramar part 2 of 2 Edit all of the slide to make it corect. They is the best soccer players in the division After school, I went to the store, buy food, and visited my aunt Maria am going to the movies After I went to grandmas house, I do my homework Cesar have five ices in his drink

Extra credit There were two extra credit corrections located on the last slide. Did you find them?

Quiz 2 Review Descriptive writing vocabulary (p.153-161 in I&A) Dominant Impression Concrete words Active verbs Descriptive verbs General reflective writing techniques (p. 187-202) Global vs. local revision Stages of reflection (class PowerPoint on 9-11) Concrete experience Reflective observation Abstract conceptualization Active experimentation Verb phrases: Progressive Perfect Passive

Homework WTR – Final Draft Due Tuesday 6-7 to Turnitin.com by midnight Paper copies not accepted 1,000+ words Concrete descriptions of your settings and characters All four stages of the reflection cycle

Group activity: Final peer review Exchange essays with one other person Read through the essay and answer the questions below: Find the best 2 character descriptions in the essay. Who are these characters? How many senses are used in each description? What is the dominant impression of these descriptions? Find the best 2 setting descriptions in the essay. What are these places? How many senses are used in each description? What is the dominant impression of these descriptions? How does the writer feel about the selected location? What did the writer learn from this location or how did it shape who they are? What would the writer do differently if they repeated this experience?