NON-FINITES Gaura , X-B , 2

DEFINATION - A non-finite verb (sometimes called a verbal) is any of several verb forms that are not finite verbs; that is, they cannot serve as the root of an independent clause. The non-finite verb forms found in English are : infinites, participles and gerunds. Gaura , X-B , 2

Types of non-finite verbs English has three kinds of nonfinite verbs: INFINITES, PARTICIPLES, and GERUNDS Gaura , X-B , 2

EXAMPLES The following sentences each contain one finite verb (underlined) and multiple nonfinite verbs (bolded): 1.The proposal has been intensively examined today. 2.What did they want to have done about that? 3.Someone tried to refuse to accept the offer. 4.Coming downstairs, she saw the man running away. 5.I am trying to get the tickets. In the above sentences, been, examined and done are past participles, want, have, refuse, accept and get are infinitives, and coming, running and trying are present participles . Gaura , X-B , 2

INFINITES RULE: Gaura , X-B , 2 The infinitive of a verb is considered the "base" form; it is the form that is listed in dictionaries. RULE: to + verb=THE INFINITE The ‘infinites’ simply expresses the state or action denoted by the verb, to see, to play, to sing are infinites. These are called Infinites with ‘to’ or ‘to’ infinites. But the word ‘to’ is not an essential part of the infinites. See, play, sit are also infinites. These are called Pure Infinites. Gaura , X-B , 2

EXERCISE-1 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of infinites. He used _______ (live/to live) in Delhi. The teacher made me _______ (to do/do) the exercise again. If you are not well, you ought ________ (to see/see) a doctor. Don’t let it _______ (to fall/fall) Will you please help me _________ (to tidy up/ tidy up) the room ? (B) Replace a clause by an infinite. I was sorry when I heard of your failure. Ravi was the first boy who solved the sum. Gaura , X-B , 2

PARTICIPLES The Participle is a Non-Finite Verb and has some of the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. It is partly a verb and partly an adjective. It may, thus, be called VERBAL ADJECTIVE. There are three kinds of participles: » The Present Participle RULE: Verb + ing (it represents an action which is incomplete or is going on, also called Active Participle.) » The Past Participle RULE: (III form of the verb) it ends in –ed, -d, -t, -en or –n. (it represents a completed action, also called Passive Participle.) » The Perfect Participle RULE: having + III form of verb (it represents an action as completed at some past time.) Gaura , X-B , 2

EXERCISE-2 Complete the following sentences using present participles. (i) This is an _______ (interest) story. (ii) I saw him _______ (enter) the house. (iii) You have been ______ (wait) for a long time. (B) Complete the following sentences using past participles. We found the house _______ .(lock) You should get your teeth ______ (examine) by the dentist. Her purse was ______ . (stole) (C) Rewrite the following sentences by using perfect participles by changing the underlined word. We switched off the lights before we went to bed. She filled the washing machine and switched it on. Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn't recognize him. Gaura , X-B , 2

GERUNDS A gerund is a verb form that appears in positions that are usually reserved for nouns. Thus Gerund is a Verbal Noun. RULE: verb + ing= GERUNDS Gaura , X-B , 2

EXERCISE-3 They don’t allow _______ (smoke) here. Fill in the blanks with the correct gerund. They don’t allow _______ (smoke) here. I am against _______ (make) any mistake. Avoid _______ (drive) on a very foggy day. He lost no time in ______ (get) down to work. (B) Replace underlined word with a gerund. Do you like to sing or to dance ? To see is to believe. It is easy to advise other, but to follow them oneself is difficult/. Gaura , X-B , 2