Chapter Twelve: The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia Section Five: Diverse Cultures of Southeast Asia

Enduring Understanding The growth of civilizations in East Asia was greatly influenced by China, a developed civilization whose impact would be felt on this region for many years.

Essential Questions How was Southeast Asia affected by the cultures of both India and China? How did the spread of Indian influence differ from the spread of Chinese influence in Southeast Asia?

Academic Standards WH.3.8 – Trace the spread of Islam. WH.9.1 – Identify and construct representations of historical change.

Geography of Southeast Asia Two major regions: Mainland Southeast Asia Several peninsulas Island Southeast Asia More than 20,000 islands Scattered between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea

Separation by Mountains Mainland is cut off from the rest of Asia by mountains and high plateaus Mountains also separate the four river valleys: Irrawaddy Chao Phraya Mekong Red

Trade Monsoons shaped trade routes Between seasons, merchants harbored in the ports, creating trading and cultural centers Original key product: spices

Early Traditions Developed own culture before Indian and Chinese influences arrived Many diverse ethnic groups who spoke many languages Followed own religious and cultural patterns Built around the nuclear family Matrilineal societies

Indian Culture Spreads to SE Asia Early centuries AD – Indian traders settled in large numbers Gave presents to local rulers and married into influential families Traded goods: cotton cloth, jewels and perfume for timber, spices, and gold Indian beliefs and ideas spread quickly

Arrival of Islam 1200s: Muslims rule northern India Traders then spread Islamic beliefs and Muslim culture Today: Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world

The Pagan Kingdom Irrawaddy Valley in present Myanmar 1044: King Anawrahta united the region Brought Buddhism to the area Stupas – dome-shaped shrines Lasted until 1287

The Khmer Empire 800 to 1350 Much of present-day Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia Adapted Indian writing, math, architecture, and art Hindu rulers with Buddhist subjects

King Suryavarman II Built temple complex of Angkor Wat in the 1100s Ruins today overgrown with jungle and pockmarked by bullets Carved figures tell Hindu myths and glorify the king

Srivijaya Empire 600s to the 1200s Controlled the Strait of Malacca Blend of Indian beliefs into their own forms of worship based on nature spirits

Vietnam China sent military forces to conquer neighboring state of Annam Present day northern part of Vietnam Heart of the area: Red River Delta Conquered in 111 BC Area absorbed Confucian ideas and Chinese culture Mahayana Buddhism rather than Theravada Buddhism

Preserving Identity AD 39: Trung Trac and Trung Nhi led an uprising Tried to restore simpler form of government Trung sisters remembered as great martyrs in Vietnam today 939: Vietnam breaks free from China for good