Foundations Unit Review 8000 BCE to 600 CE

Foundations Key Developments Agricultural Revolution Rise and fall of River Valley Civilizations Rise and fall of Classical Civilizations Spread of Religion Interaction and Exchange

Agricultural Revolution 8000 BCE Small groups of settlers grew into kinship-based villages that practiced crop cultivation and domestication of animals Tools and inventions helped villages stabilize/grow Did not happen at once - in many places at different times Led to increased population and rise of civilizations Separation developed between agriculturalists (civilizations) and pastoralist/nomadic peoples * Neolithic Revolution (New Stone Age)

Impact of Agricultural Revolution Status of women in society declined Women pre-farming were food gatherers, men hunted After agriculture, political and economic lives controlled by men – community leaders, warriors, priest, traders, etc. Formation of communities People needed to work together – defense, irrigation Complex religious rituals developed – nature worship Environmental impact – land, water, animals

Rise of Civilizations Agricultural surplus Job specialization Development of government Social hierarchies and inequality Advanced cities Technology System of writing

River Valley Civilizations 3000 BCE to 1500 BCE

River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Chaotic flooding City-states Invasions Egypt Regular flooding Village society Pharaoh as God-King Shang China Oracle bones Dynastic Cycle Mandate of Heaven Isolated from other three Indus River Valley Trade with Mesopotamia and China Centralized political structure

Mesopotamia 4000 BCE Culture Bronze, copper Wheel, irrigation canals Cuneiform, number system Architecture – ziggurats Epic of Gilgamesh – epic tale Economy Trade Unpredictable flooding –need for irrigation Politics City-states Geography – lacked natural barriers, needed defensive walls Code of Hammurabi – law code King-like figure Social Ruled by elite, rulers, priests Farmed by slaves Patriarchal but women could gain positions of power

Egypt 3000 BCE Economy Trade with Kush, Mesopotamia Culture Pyramids, tombs Hieroglyphics Polytheism Bronze tools and weapons Papyrus Calendar, weapons, math , astronomy Economy Trade with Kush, Mesopotamia Predictable flooding, irrigation Agricultural villages Politics Pharaoh – king, sun god Geography – protected from invasions Organized government Developed military Social Social classes, could rise in status Patriarchal but women had privileges Queen Hatsheput

Indus Valley 1500 BCE Economy Active trade with Sumer Culture Streets laid out in grid Houses had running water/sewage Writing system Blend of Aryan and Indus Valley people Economy Active trade with Sumer Unpredictable flooding Politics Cities of Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro tightly unified, centrally controlled Overtaken by Aryans Social Not as patriarchal Dravidians and Aryans Early caste system

Shang – Huang He valley 1600 BCE Culture Writing Bronze Ironworking Ancestor worship Oracle bones Economy Some trade with SE and S Asia Unpredictable flooding Small agricultural cities on river Politics Dynastic cycle Central rule to oversee irrigation Mandate of Heaven Walled cities Social Stratified structure – elites, artisans, peasants, slaves Patriarchal Preference for sons Ancestor worship

Olmec Civilization in Americas 1200 BCE Did not develop along river valleys Influenced later civilizations art, religion, language, ball game Technology adapted to their environment

Chavin Civilization in Americas 900 BCE Unique geography: lived on coast, in Andes Mountains, and in rainforest jungle Influenced later civilizations art, architecture, ruling structure, religion Technology adapted to their environment

Fall of River Valley Civilizations (app. 1200 BCE) One common feature is invasion by Indo-Europeans. Another theory is interdependence; trade and contact meant they declined together (except China)

Classical Civilizations Approx1000 B.C.E. - fifth century C.E. China, India, and the Mediterranean largest population concentrations in the world built on achievements of the river-valley societies not simple continuations of the earlier societies governments had improved military - iron weaponry larger political structures improved on earlier agriculture, manufacturing, and city life built more elaborate philosophical and religious systems expanded mathematical and scientific knowledge

Classical China Confucianism Daoism Legalism under Qin Dynasty (Shi Huangdi) Tight control, harsh punishment, strong central government Scholar bureaucrats Patriarchal society Silk Road trade

Classical China – Zhou, Qin, Han Zhou 1027 – 771 BCE Mandate of heaven Expanded territory Bureaucracies Standardized language Philosophy 500 BCE – internal conflict Era of Warring States Qin 22- 202 BCE Shi Huangdi – dictator Centralized govt Expanded territory Defensive wall Standard coins, laws, weights, measures Legalism – state sponsored Heavy taxes for peasants

Classical China – Zhou, Qin, Han Han 200 BCE – 220 CE Expanded territory Chinese civil service exam “Han” refers to Chinese Main goal – unifying China Reestablished Confucianism High taxes on peasantry Internal power struggles

Classical India Hinduism and caste system Buddhism Indian Ocean and Silk Road trade Lack of centralized political system

Classical India – Mauryan and Gupta Mauryan Empire 321 to 185 BCE Strong, central rule, bureaucracy Promoted trade/communication Greatest ruler –Ashoka Converted to Buddhism Pillar edicts Promoted tolerance and harmony Collapsed due to outside attack Gupta Empire 320 to 550 CE Central government Local lords, autonomy Alliances and military conquests Hinduism Caste system Cultural “golden age” Slow decline due to outsiders

Classical Mediterranean Polytheism Philosophy Move towards democracy

Classical Mediterranean Greek City-States 400 BCE Independent, competing city-states due to geography Polis = city-state Oligarchies – elite rule Transition to democracy Athens and Sparta Persian Wars Golden Age of Pericles Peloponnesian War Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic culture

Classical Mediterranean Roman Republic and Empire 250 BCE to 475 CE Republic: Senate and consuls Aristocracy had power Empire: bureaucrats, law code Culture derived from Greece Military power Engineering and architecture (roads, aqueducts) Dependence on slavery Christianity

Trade in Classical Era Silk Roads Made possible by camels / saddles Important role played by central Asian nomads

Trade in Classical Era Indian Ocean Lateen (triangular) sail made it possible to sail far from shore Connected East Africa, Middle East, India, SE Asia and China

Fall of Classical Empires Common Causes Invasion of Germanic tribes (Rome) or Huns (China and India) Deterioration of political institutions Expensive to protect/maintain borders Results Not much impact on India: Hinduism and caste system continue China entered period of chaos but Confucianism, Mandate of Heaven and Dynastic cycles continue Rome broke into east and west West disintegrated, never to reform. No great institutions like India or China to sustain it. East became Byzantine Empire.

Belief Systems - Polytheism Belief in many gods Neolithic Era Animism, nature gods, ancestor worship Priests had power, rituals important

Belief Systems - Judaism First monotheistic faith Sumer by 1850 BCE Hebrews  Jews Abraham’s Covenant Torah, Tanakh (Old Testament) Not a missionary faith

Belief Systems - Hinduism Aryan migration into India – approx. 1500 BCE Polytheistic – gods & goddesses Vedas & Upanishads – core texts Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva Reincarnation, karma, moksha Reinforced caste system

Belief Systems - Buddhism Ganges River Valley, India 6th Century BCE Different forms have spread worldwide Challenged hierarchy of India – no caste system Founder: Siddhartha Gautama Four Noble Truths, Eightfold path, enlightenment

Belief Systems – Confucianism China – Warring States period 403 – 221 BCE Not religious – instead an ethical code (secular) No object of worship or rituals Confucius 551 – 479 BCE Analects = conversations Five relationships, patriarchal

Belief Systems - Daoism China Founder Lao Tzu – 604 BCE Warring States period 403 – 221 BCE Philosophy – way of nature, cosmos, “the way” Wisdom and happiness through dao, harmony

Belief Systems - Christianity Middle East Mid 1st Century CE Jesus was a Jew – faith based on Judaism Jesus was seen as the Messiah by followers After executed by Roman officials, apostles spread faith

Diffusion of Belief Systems