Imperialism

Old vs. New Old Imperialism (1500-1750) New Imperialism (1870-1914) Trading post empires England, Portugal, Holland Colonization of the Americas New Imperialism (1870-1914) Economic/political control (not content with trade) Africa, Asia, China Protectorate – places maintained their own governments but were still under the control of an imperial power

Motivation 1. Desire for military strength 2. A thirst for new markets On the Importance of Sea Power Power and Prestige 2. A thirst for new markets New sources for raw materials (Africa) New markets for manufactured goods (China) 3. A belief in cultural superiority Social Darwinism – a natural ‘right’ to dominate weaker people Europeans ‘most fit’ because of wealth, technology, etc. “White Man’s Burden” Missionary work to bring Christianity to ‘uncivilized’ peoples

Technological Advances Steamships Suez Canal Submarine cables Communication Quinine Prevention of Malaria New weapons New rifles, machine guns

Imperialism in Africa Otto von Bismarck (Germany) Consequences 1885 Berlin Conference Organized division of African continent Liberia/Ethiopia only remaining independent countries Consequences Destroyed native culture Helped industrialize Africa Railroads, medicine, telegraph Increased European rivalries

Imperialism in India Decline of Mughal Empire  British arrival British focused on trade British East India Company Hired Sepoys (Indian soldiers) to protect trade interests British began reforming Indian government Weakened regional princes Private land ownership Easier to collect taxes Christian missionary work Increased agricultural production

The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) British influence led to oppression Destroyed cotton textile industries Oppression leads to discontent Sepoys rebel Resented having to fight overseas Did not want to be converted to Christianity Most were Hindu or Muslim Rumor of pig/cow fat being used to grease weapons Hindus ≠ Cows (Sacred) & Muslims ≠ Pigs (Unclean)

The Mutiny as a Turning Point Put down by British, leaders killed Queen Victoria declares freedom of religion, equal protection under the law A viceroy is appointed to oversee affairs Replaces East India Company’s rule Indian National Congress (INC) pushes for reform Especially to help the poor Hoped to achieve independence (not until 1947)

Consequences of British Rule Damaged native culture Esp. India’s textile industry Introduced new technologies to India. Railroad, telegraph, steamships

Imperialism in China The Opium War (1839-1842) British wanted to sell to Chinese Qing Dynasty restricted trade British sold opium, refused to ban trade Chinese burn British warehouses British defeat Chinese easily Advanced technology

Results of the Opium War Treaty of Nanking Required China to open additional ports of trade Legalization of Opium trade British control Hong Kong China carved into ‘spheres of influence’ Leads to Taiping Rebellion (Civil War) 20-30 million killed

Imperialism in Japan Review of Japanese History: Emperor existed as a figurehead Power was with Shogun (military leader) Regional lords (Daimyo) controlled day to day 1600s – Japan closes borders to outsiders 1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry arrives U.S. warships Demands access for trade

The Japanese Response Treaty of Kanagawa Daimyo overthrow the Shogun Similar to unequal treaties signed by China Japan feared a similar fate (Opium War) Daimyo overthrow the Shogun Leads to civil war in Japan Meiji Restoration New government Restored the Emperor (Mutsuhito)

Impact on Japan Unlike China, Japan begins widespread industrialization/modernization Goals: Protection from western powers Increase own power/prestige Japan will eventually become a colonial power

Comparing Europe and Japan Similarities Differences Private entrepreneurs Mechanization Factory development Textiles Women and children participated Growth of population and technology Europe began late 1700s Japan not until mid 1800s Europe motivated by private business interests (folks wanted to get rich) Japan motivated by imperialism to protect itself

Imperialism in Latin America (1) Review: Independence gained from Spain in early 1800s Rich with natural resources Complicated social/economic hierarchy

Imperialism in Latin America (2) New: British/US investors exploited riches Agricultural and mineral Supported by Latin American elites Helped bring about modernization Increased wealth of the upper class Imperialists often used military power Did not attempt to conquer Latin America

Major Imperialism Similarities Positives Negatives Technological advancement Transportation (RR, roads) communication (telegraph) Increase in trade Raw materials/natural resources Improved health care and education European domination of politics, culture, and economy Exploitation of people and resources

The Roles of Women (1750-1914) Similarities Differences Main role  wife/mother Non-elites worked Factories, then white collar Elites did not work outside of the home Fought/participated in revolutions and independence movements Fail to gain any major concessions other than some simple education Suffrage movements in Americas and Europe No such movements in China, Japan, or India Chinese elites  foot binding Sati outlawed in India by Mughals and British Still practiced at times