Daily Routine Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Make sure you are wearing your ID’s Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All IPods off and headphones out of your ears Hats off No food or drink except for water

Biology Announcements No Homework

KEY CONCEPT Eukaryotic cells share many similarities.

I will be able to… Describe the different organelle and what there functions in the cell area

Cells have an internal structure. The cytoskeleton has many functions. supports and shapes cell helps position and transport organelles provides strength assists in cell division aids in cell movement Contains the fluid substance suspending organelles - cytoplasm

Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. The nucleus stores genetic information.

Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. The nucleus stores genetic information. Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum Facilitation of protein folding and the transport of synthesized proteins in sacs

There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. rough endoplasmic reticulum – ribosomes on it smooth endoplasmic reticulum – no ribosomes

Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins.

Golgi Apparatus packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials. (Seen in endocytosis and exocytosis)

Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. Important in digesting food for energy in cellular respiration in the cell Has its own DNA; Endocytosis hypoth.

Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.

Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. Centrioles help divide DNA. Centrioles form cilia and flagella.

Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. A cell wall provides rigid support. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy Where Photosynthesis occurs to form food for plants

Daily Routine Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Make sure you are wearing your ID’s Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All IPods off and headphones out of your ears Hats off No food or drink except for water

Biology Announcements Homework: Go to my website: dvhshamiltonearthscience.weebly.com Complete survey by clicking on orange survey button on home page of the website

Daily Routine Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Make sure you are wearing your ID’s Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All IPods off and headphones out of your ears Hats off No food or drink except for water

Biology Announcements Homework: Sign up for turnitin.com Go to my class website: dvhshamiltonearthscience.weebly.com and click on the Turnitin.com pdf file under you subject matter

Bell Work Explain how the endoplasmic reticulum plays a significant role in the formation of proteins. Which organelle is in charge of processing food into energy? Which organelle is in charge of converting solar energy into chemical energy (food)?

Daily Routine Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Make sure you are wearing your ID’s Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All IPods off and headphones out of your ears Hats off No food or drink except for water

Biology Announcements No Homework

Bell Work What is photosynthesis? How do you think photosynthesis works?

KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

I will be able to… Recognize the importance of ATP as an energy-carrying molecule Identify energy sources used by organisms

The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Starch molecule Glucose molecule

Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added. phosphate removed

Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. not stored in large amounts up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule triphosphate adenosine diphosphate tri=3 di=2

Fats store the most energy. 80 percent of the energy in your body about 146 ATP from a triglyceride Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. amino acids aren’t usually needed for energy about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. similar to photosynthesis uses chemical energy instead of light energy

4.1 ACE assignment A – Answer the question C – Cite your sources E – Explain using evidence in cited source Read the little reading and the questions Answer the questions Cite where you got your answer using different colors for each question (highlighter or underlining with color pencils) Push yourself to explain and elaborate on answer

Daily Routine Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Make sure you are wearing your ID’s Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All IPods off and headphones out of your ears Hats off No food or drink except for water

Biology Announcements Homework: 4.2 Rein enforcement questions Due: Tomorrow

Bell Work Explain how the ATP/ADP Cycle works What is chemosynthesis?

KEY CONCEPT The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

I will be able to… Relate producers to photosynthesis Describe the process of photosynthesis

Takes about 10 minutes to work on 4.1 reinforcement

Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. not stored in large amounts up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule triphosphate adenosine diphosphate tri=3 di=2

Photosynthetic organisms are producers. Photosynthesis: producers captures energy from sunlight to convert it into chemical energy to make sugars for a food source. Producers, often plants, make their own source of chemical energy.

Chlorophyll: molecule that absorbs light energy. Found in chloroplasts. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light and reflects green light Other pigments found in cell for different colors chloroplast leaf cell leaf

Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. grana (thylakoids) “Sac like” Stroma –Cavity in the chloroplast chloroplast stroma grana (thylakoids)

The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight. Takes place in the chloroplast Sunlight enters the chloroplast Water is brought into the chloroplast Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy in thylakoid Oxygen is released Energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane to light-independent reactions

The light-independent reactions make sugars. 7. Needs carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmosphere 8. Light Independent reactions occur in stroma 9. Uses energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

Photosynthesis Chemical Reaction Equation: Different molecules come together in a chemical reaction to form food and breathable oxygen. Photosynthesis Chemical Reaction Equation:

Products: the resultants after a chemical reaction happens Reactants: A substance participating in the initiation chemical reaction Products: the resultants after a chemical reaction happens Reactants Products

Exit Slip In your own words, explain the basic premise behind the process of photosynthesis Why is the process of photosynthesis so important?

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Biology Announcements NO HOMEWORK

Bell Work In your own words, explain the basic premise behind the process of photosynthesis Why is the process of photosynthesis so important?

KEY CONCEPT Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.

I will be able to… Describe the light-dependent reactions in which energy is captured Describe the light-independent reactions in which sugar is produced

The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers energy. The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.

Photosystem II captures and transfers energy. 1. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and energized electrons enter electron transport chain (ETC) 2. Water molecules are split and electrons enter chlorophyll 3. Energy from electrons in ETC is used to pump Hydrogen ions across thylakoid membrane as

Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules. 4. chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and transfer it to electrons 5. energized electrons are used to make NADPH and is transferred to light-independent reactions

7. Ions diffusion through channel to form ATP Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules. 6. Hydrogen ions flow by diffusion through a protein channel in the thylakoid membrane 7. Ions diffusion through channel to form ATP

Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v590JJV96lc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQK3Yr4Sc_k

Daily Routine Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Make sure you are wearing your ID’s Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All IPods off and headphones out of your ears Hats off No food or drink except for water

Biology Announcements NO HOMEWORK

Bell Work What are the two energy source molecules formed in the light dependent reactions What is the byproduct made in the light dependent reaction? Explain the role of channel proteins and enzymes in the light dependent reaction.

Bell Work What is the byproduct made in the light dependent reaction?

Bell Work Explain the role of channel proteins and enzymes in the light dependent reaction.

KEY CONCEPT Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.

I will be able to… Describe the light-dependent reactions in which energy is captured Describe the light-independent reactions in which sugar is produced

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules. The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars. Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules.

A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. 1. carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle 2. energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged 3. a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle

A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. 4. two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar 5. remaining molecules stay in the cycle

4.3 ACE assignment A – Answer the question C – Cite your sources E – Explain using evidence in cited source Read the little reading and the questions Answer the questions Cite where you got your answer using different colors for each question (highlighter or underlining with color pencils) Push yourself to explain and elaborate on answer

Daily Routine Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Make sure you are wearing your ID’s Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All IPods off and headphones out of your ears Hats off No food or drink except for water

Biology Announcements 4.4 Reinforcement questions ACE Format Due: Tomorrow October 30th

Bell Work In your own words, describe the Calvin Cycle aka light independent reaction in photosynthesis.

KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. Cellular Respiration: process through which sugars and other carbon molecules are broken down to produce ATP mitochondrion animal cell Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.

Glycolysis must take place first. takes place in cytoplasm splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules produces two ATP molecules anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)

Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain. 1. takes place in mitochondrial matrix 2. breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Krebs Cycle 3. Krebs cycle takes place in mitochondrial matrix; makes a small amount of ATP 4. releases carbon dioxide 5. transfers energy-carrying molecules

energy from glycolysis The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP. takes place in inner membrane energy transferred to electron transport chain 6. Energy from glycolysis and oxygen enters process 7. Lots of ATP and water produced and released as waste 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Electron Transport

The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

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Biology Announcements Homework: 4.5 Reinforcement questions Extra Credit: Active dry yeast Balloons

KEY CONCEPT Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages.

Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available. two ATP molecules are used to split glucose four ATP molecules are produced two molecules of NADH produced two molecules of pyruvate produced

The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration. Pyruvate is broken down carbon dioxide released Coenzyme A (CoA) bonds to two-carbon molecule; enters Kerbs cycle

The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.

The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules. 3. Citric acid (six-carbon molecule) is formed 4. Citric acid is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, and NADH is made 5. Five-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, NADH and ATP are made 6. Four-carbon molecule is rearranged, NADH and FADH2 is made

7. The Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)

The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration. 1. Energized electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP. 2. High-energy electrons enter electron transport chain snf str used to transport hydrogen ions across the inner membrane 3. Hydrogen ions flow through a channel protein (ATPsynthase) in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Electron Transport Chain helps form ATP and Water from Glucose

The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration. The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces up to 38 molecules of ATP. ATP synthase produces ATP Oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions to form water Water is released as a waste product

Summing up Cellular Respiration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7gPtASv0SQ

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Biology Announcements Chapter 4 Test: November 12th

Bell Work What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2 Where is ATP made? What is the process involved with ATP production? What is the use of CoA in the Krebs cycle?

KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. Fermentation is an anaerobic process. occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration does not produce ATP

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid NADH is changed back into NAD+

Fermentation and its products are important in several ways. Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide NADH is changed back into NAD+ NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

Fermentation is used in food production. yogurt cheese bread