Agenda 11/17/14- Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Quiz Intro to Photosynthesis worksheet New Information: Photosynthesis and Plant Cell Specialization Photosynthesis Diagram worksheet HW- finish packet

THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Most plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as are some bacteria and protists Autotrophs: generate their own organic matter through photosynthesis Sunlight energy is transformed into energy stored in the form of chemical bonds (c) Euglena (b) Kelp (d) Cyanobacteria (a) Mosses, ferns, and flowering plants 2

Light Energy Harvested by Photosynthetic Autotrophs 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 3

Food Chain 4

Transverse section of a Leaf Waxy coating Blade Vein Stem 5

The location and structure of chloroplasts LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL LEAF Mesophyll CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space Outer membrane Granum Inner membrane Grana Stroma Thylakoid compartment Stroma Thylakoid 6

Chloroplasts Intermembrane space Outer membrane Thylakoid Inner membrane Granum Stroma

A Chloroplast Light Energy Grana Chemical Energy H2O CO2 Chloroplast Sugars CO2 Chloroplast NADP+ ADP Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle Grana ATP NADPH Chemical Energy

2 Pathways of Photosynthesis Light-dependent reactions Light energy absorbed Occurs across thylakoid membranes Produces ATP and NADPH (and waste O2) Light-independent reactions or Calvin Cycle Does not require light energy Occurs in the stroma Produces sugar using CO2

ATP ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Formation of ATP ATP stores enough energy for many cellular functions. ADP ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Partially charged battery Fully charged battery ATP stores enough energy for many cellular functions.

A Chloroplast Light Energy Grana Chemical Energy H2O CO2 Chloroplast Sugars CO2 Chloroplast NADP+ ADP Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle Grana ATP NADPH Chemical Energy

H2O CO2 C6H12O6 O2 Sunlight Energy NADP+ ADP ATP NADPH Stroma Thylakoids ATP NADPH C6H12O6 O2

Light Dependent Reactions Pigments arranged into photosystems Photosystem I (happens 2nd) Photosystem II (happens 1st) Inputs: H2O Light Energy ADP, NADP+ Products (go on to fuel Calvin Cycle): ATP, NADPH O2

Light Dependent Reactions Electron transport chain Pumps H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane- results in energy for ATP production ATP Synthase (enzyme) H+ ions pass through the thylakoid membrane via ATP synthase, making it spin (energy) ATP synthase spins, binding ADP and a phosphate group into ATP

The Two Photosystems of the Light Reactions: P-680 and P-700 Potential Energy Off to the Calvin Cycle

H2O CO2 C6H12O6 O2 Sunlight Energy NADP+ ADP ATP NADPH Stroma Thylakoids ATP NADPH C6H12O6 O2

Light-Independent Reactions, aka Calvin Cycle occurs in stroma uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions and CO2 to make the organic molecule glucose (C6H12O6)

The Calvin Cycle Inputs: ATP NADPH CO2 Products: C6H12O6 ADP NADP+ CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input Inputs: ATP NADPH CO2 Products: C6H12O6 ADP NADP+ 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced

H2O CO2 C6H12O6 O2 Sunlight Energy NADP+ ADP ATP NADPH Stroma Thylakoids ATP NADPH C6H12O6 O2 20

Agenda 11/18/14- Photosynthesis and Plant Pigments Bellwork New Information- Plant Pigments and Properties of Light Lab- Plant Pigments and Chromatography HW- finish lab, formal lab report due Thurs.

Properties of Light be reflected be absorbed be transmitted particle nature Photon wave nature photons move in waves; wavelength when a photon strikes a substance, it may be reflected be absorbed be transmitted

Why Are Plants Green? Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Light Gamma rays Infrared & Microwaves X-rays UV Radio waves Visible light Wavelength (nm)

WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by the human eye as different colors. Gamma rays Micro- waves Radio waves X-rays UV Infrared Visible light Wavelength (nm)

Why are plants green? Reflected light

The color of light seen is the color REFLECTED, NOT ABSORBED Chloroplasts absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy What colors of light does chlorophyll absorb? Reflect? Reflected light Light Absorbed light Transmitted light Chloroplast

Chloroplast Pigments Thylakoids in chloroplasts contain several pigments Chlorophyll a (bright green) Chlorophyll b (yellow-green) Carotenoids (yellow/orange) Xanthophylls (yellow) Anthocyanins (red) Figure 7.7

Why do plants have pigments other than chlorophyll? Chlorophyll a (bright green) Chlorophyll b (yellow-green) Carotenoids (yellow/orange) Xanthophylls (yellow) Anthocyanins (red) Figure 7.7

Different pigments absorb light differently Green to Greenish-yellow Yellow/Orange/Red

Absorbed Photons energy from photon is transferred to the substance that absorbs it electron jumps to a higher energy level This fuels the production of ATP, NADPH pigments absorb light energy

Photosynthesis Activity Site Chlorophyll Photosynthesis Activity Site

Endosymbiotic Theory (Lynn Margulis, 1981) Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have originated as free-living prokaryotes that lived symbiotically within cells, leading to eukaryotes. Evidence: Circular DNA Two or more cell membranes, with the innermost one similar to prokaryotic cell membranes Ribosomes

Agenda 11/19- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Bellwork Finish Lab- calculate Rf values, answer lab questions, discuss lab report Review for test

Spinach Leaf Pigments Distance travelled by solvent: 65 mm

Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle takes place in uses use take place in Energy from sunlight Thylakoid membranes Stroma ATP NADPH to produce of to produce High-energy sugars ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts Go to Section:

Compare/Contrast Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Energy Storing or Releasing Energy storing Energy releasing Products Glucose, oxygen gas Carbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP) Reactants Carbon dioxide, water, light energy Location Chloroplast Mitochondrion

Typical Leaf Cross Section Model Chapter 23, page 596 Cuticle Veins Epidermis Palisade mesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem Spongy mesophyll Epidermis Stoma Guard cells