Types of Minerals.

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Presentation transcript:

Types of Minerals

Silicates: The Most Abundant Matter in Earth’s Crust Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen Make up ~96% of minerals in the crust Building block of all silicates = silica tetrahedron

Silicates The silica tetrahedron may arrange itself in many different ways Structures include: Quartz and Glass Aluminosilicates Individual silicate units Silicate Chains Silicate Sheets

Silicates: Quartz and Glass Individual units are SiO4 SiO44- is unstable and covalently bonds with another SiO44- to produce SiO2 (silica) Examples: Quartz (organized) Glass (disorganized / amorphous): silica heated to over 1500ᵒC then cooled quickly.

Silicates: Aluminosilicates Similar to quartz, but aluminum substitutes for silicon atoms. Instead of SiO2, the functional unit is AlO2- The charge is balanced by another positive ion from other sources like sodium.

Albite: NaAlSi3O8

Anorthite: CaAl2Si2O8

Silicates: Individual Silicate Units Sometimes SiO44- bonds with other cations to form orthosilicates Example: (Zn2SiO4)

Silicates: Single Silicate Chains If the SiO44- units link into long chains through sharing oxygen atoms the structure is called pyroxene. The excess charge is neutralized by metal cations. Augite: (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6

Silicates: Double Silicate Chains Two silicate chains bonded next to each other are called amphiboles. Results in fibrous material Asbestos:

Silicates: Silicate Sheets When 3 oxygens in a silicate tetrahedron are shared, the result is a sheet called a phyllosilicate. Metal ions bond between the sheets. Mica

Carbonates One or more metallic elements and a carbonate ion (CO32-) Malachite: Cu2CO3(OH)2

Calcite

Dolomite

Oxides A metal bonded to oxygen. Examples: Hematite: Fe2O3 Uraninite: UO2 Magnetite: Fe3O4

Your Turn Use pp. 100-101 to describe the different between minerals, ores and gems.