Rocks cover the entire Earth!

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Presentation transcript:

Rocks cover the entire Earth!

What happens when rocks break?

Why do we care about the strength of rocks? Some natural disasters are caused by breaking rocks.

Why do we care about the strength of rocks? And, sometimes we break rocks on purpose!

Stress! What can break rocks? There are many things in nature that cause stress. Pressure Force Area One cause is plate movements in the earth.

What can break rocks? Stress! There are 3 types of stresses. 1. Compressional Stress

What can break rocks? Stress! 2. Tensional Stress

What can break rocks? Stress! 3. Shear Stress

What can break rocks? Stress! Weathering also causes stress in rocks, resulting in rock breakage.

What can break rocks? Stress! There are 3 types of weathering. 1. Physical/Mechanical Wind Water Freezing Repeated wetting & drying

Mechanical Weathering  This occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock’s mineral composition. The more surface area exposed, the faster the weathering can occur.

Frost wedging The mechanical breakup of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks and crevices

Unloading Reduced pressure on igneous rock causes it to expand and allows slabs of outer rock to break off in layers in a process called exfoliation.

What can break rocks? Stress! 2. Chemical Acid rain Rust Ex: iron reacts with oxygen to form hematite Chemical weathering is the transformation of rock into one or more new compounds.

What can break rocks? Stress! 3. Biological Tree roots Animals Human activity

What does rock strength depend upon? Type of rock Texture of rock Chemical composition Internal structures Fluids in rock  Differential Weathering • Caused by variations in composition in the rock • Creates unusual and spectacular rock formations and landforms Badlands National Park http://youtu.be/3lhvTIFQJ1Y

What does rock strength depend upon? Planes of Weaknesses

Rate of Weathering 1. Rock characteristics Mineral composition and solubility Physical features such as cracks 1908 1969 Ex: acid rain

Rate of Weathering cont… 2. Climate •Temperature and moisture are the most crucial factors. • Chemical weathering is most effective in areas with high temperatures and abundant moisture.

Erosion Erosion is the movement of weathered particles from one place to another Water is the most effective physical weathering agent Wind can also carry sediment Ex. The Grand Canyon has been carved out by the Colorado River.

Weathering & Erosion

How do we determine rock strength? Take samples Use special testing equipment Observe