Nationalist and revolution sweep the west- Chapter 8 World History- Mr. Taylor

Latin American people win independence- Section 1 Colonial Society Divided Read Setting the Stage- pg.247 Peninsulares- People who were born in Spain. Only group that could hold high office in colonial govt. Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America. Could not hold high political offices. Could become officers in the military. Together these two controlled land wealth and power in the Sp. Colonies Mulattos- Mixed European and African or native ancestory- Bottom of the social Ladder

Latin American people win independence- Section 1 Revolutions in America- Read Pg.248 Revolution in Haiti- Saint Dominique- 500,000 enslaved Africans worked on French Plantations. White masters used brutal methods and working conditions. During the French Rev., oppressed people of the French colony of Haiti rose up. 1791- 100,000 Africans rose in revolt Toussaint L’Overture- Leader- 1801 Haiti was free Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1804- Haiti was INDEPENDENT Read Page 248

CREOLES LEAD INDEPENDENCE Simon Boliver- A wealthy Venezuela Creole Venezuela Independence 1821 Jose San Martin- A creole from Argentina 1822- The two men met in Ecuador 1824- Grand Colombia gains Independence- Read page 249-

MEXICO ENDS SPANISH RULE 1810- Padre Miguel Hidalgo Poor but well-educated Believed in the Enlightenment Issued a call for revolution against Spain 80,000 man army marched on Mexico City Put down by the Spanish Jose Morales 1812- Morales led the revolution 1815- Morales was defeated by Spanish forces 1821 Mexico gains Independence from Spain- pg.251 1823- Central America gains independence from Mexico

EUROPE FACES REVOLUTION-Sect. 2 Read Setting the Stage-pg 253 Personal experiences, education level, family influence. Three schools of political thought struggled for supremacy in Europe during the first half of the 1800s. Conservative—usually wealthy property owners and nobility, who wanted to see very little change and argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe. Liberal—mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants, who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments. Radical—favored drastic changes to extend democracy to all people. Practice the ideals of the Fr. Rev.

Nationalism develops Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common history and culture. Nationalism attracted people from all political schools and blurred the line between each philosophies. When a nation develops its own independent government, it becomes a nation-state. A nation-state defends the nation’s territory and way of life. Read Page 255

Nationalists challenge conservative power The first people to win self- rule were the Greeks. The Ottomans controlled most of the Balkans. Greeks kept ancient history and culture alive. 1821- Greeks rebelled against the Turks Greek cause was popular throughout Europe Russia- Greece was Greek Orthodox Europe and America loved the Greek Culture Ottomans were Muslim Greek Independence in 1830- help from Russia, Br. And Fr.

1830’s uprisings Congress of Vienna was breaking down Nationalists riots broke out against Dutch rule in Belgium 1830- Dutch declare Independence from Belgium Uprisings in Poland and Italy were put down by Metternich 1848- Ethnic uprisings erupted throughout Europe- Austria, Hungary and Czech. Read page 256

RADICALS CHANGE FRANCE 1830- Charles X tries to reestablish a complete monarchy. Sparked riots in Paris forcing Charles to flee to Britain. Replaced by Louis-Philippe who supported liberal reforms 1848- Louis Philippi fell from popular favor- overthrown by Paris mob Establishment of the third Republic 1848- Moderate Constitution was drawn up- Louis-Napoleon was elected President 1852- He became emperor Read Page 256