Adaptations and policies for economic development Presented by Mike Batty

Authors This presentation is based on Chapter 13 ‘Adapting tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change: management measures, policies and investments’ in the book Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change, edited by JD Bell, JE Johnson and AJ Hobday and published by SPC in 2011. The authors of Chapter 13 are: Johann Bell, Neil Andrew, Michael Batty, Lindsay Chapman, Jeffrey Dambacher, Brian Dawson, Alex Ganachaud, Peter Gehrke, John Hampton, Alistair Hobday, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Johanna Johnson, Jeff Kinch, Robert Le Borgne, Patrick Lehodey, Janice Lough, Tim Pickering, Morgan Pratchett, Aliti Vunisea and Michelle Waycott

Outline Revisit purpose of adaptations and policies Framework for adaptations Win-win adaptations Other important adaptations Supporting policies and investments

Purpose of adaptations and policies Reduce the risk of future shortfalls in fish for canneries in the west (and job losses) Harness the opportunities for increased revenue for PICTs in the east

Adaptation decision framework Addresses climate change Long-term Loss Long-term Gain Lose-Lose X Lose-Win Win-Win x Near-term Loss Addresses present drivers Win-Lose Near-term Gain After Grafton (2010)

‘Vessel Days Scheme’ to manage effort of industrial tuna fleets Adaptations L-W W-W L-L W-L ‘Vessel Days Scheme’ to manage effort of industrial tuna fleets Cap and trade provisions of VDS enable all PNA members to receive some benefits during ENSO events, regardless of where tuna are concentrated La Niña Ask El Niño Source of map: Lehodey et al. (1977)

‘Vessel Days Scheme’ to manage effort of industrial tuna fleets Adaptations L-W W-W L-L W-L ‘Vessel Days Scheme’ to manage effort of industrial tuna fleets Allocation of vessel days is adjusted regularly This should reduce the need for PNA members to trade fishing days as tuna move east Ask 2050 S 2100 Source: Bell et al. (2011) and Lehodey et al. (2011)

Adaptations Develop and maintain trade preferences L-W W-W L-L W-L Develop and maintain trade preferences Global sourcing provisions of EPA with EU assists countries obtain and export fish Helps ensure viable industries as tuna move east Another way of using the tuna resource that does not create any conflict with local fishermen is to provide Fish Aggregation Devices which attract schools of oceanic fish making them easier for small scale fishermen to find and catch them. These have been promoted in the region for many years. The problem is that they do not last for ever – they need to be maintained and replaced periodically. There a need for Government fisheries agencies to build this into their work programmes and budgets Photo: Peter Sharples

Adaptations Immediate conservation measures for tuna L-W W-W L-L W-L Immediate conservation measures for tuna Stopping overfishing of bigeye tuna, and preventing overfishing of other tuna, will: maintain stocks at healthy levels make these valuable species more resilient to climate change Bigeye tuna

Adaptations Energy audits for industrial fishing vessels L-W W-W L-L W-L Energy audits for industrial fishing vessels Addresses likelihood of near-term rises in fuel costs Assists national fleets from west to go greater distances in the future to catch fish for their canneries Another way of using the tuna resource that does not create any conflict with local fishermen is to provide Fish Aggregation Devices which attract schools of oceanic fish making them easier for small scale fishermen to find and catch them. These have been promoted in the region for many years. The problem is that they do not last for ever – they need to be maintained and replaced periodically. There a need for Government fisheries agencies to build this into their work programmes and budgets Photo: Bruno Leroy

Other adaptations Diversify sources of fish for canneries by: Requiring DWFNs to land some catch locally Enhancing access for national fleets to other EEZs Improve safety at sea for vessels fishing in the cyclone belt Climate-proof infrastructure to prevent inundation by rising sea levels and more severe cyclones

Suggested supporting policies Promote access agreements that are clear for all stakeholders; and strengthen national capacity to implement effort schemes Adjust tuna management plans to increase flexibility to sell tuna, or acquire tuna Include implications of climate change in management objectives of WCPFC Require tuna vessels to provide operational-level catch and effort data to improve tuna models

Suggested supporting policies Develop further measures to reduce capture of bigeye tuna by purse-seine Apply management measures to address the effects of climate change on tuna in archipelagic waters Develop tuna products and distribution channels that minimise CO2 emissions

Key investments Full implementation of VDS for purse-seine and longline fisheries, and a fishing effort scheme for Te Vaka Moana Arrangement Establishment of authorities and systems to comply with EU conditions for food safety and IUU fishing Energy audits and energy efficiency programmes for national industrial tuna fleets Production chain accounting of all emissions from tuna fishing, processing and marketing

Conclusions Win-win adaptations are available to reduce risks and capitalise on opportunities Supporting policies and investments are required Integrate adaptations, policies and investments into national strategies and action plans for climate change