Scotty, Carly, Joey, Mike, Matt Labor Reform Scotty, Carly, Joey, Mike, Matt

Child Labor Employers think: Reformers think: Quick Easy to train Worked for less money Reformers think: “Children should be protected from harmful environments so they become healthy productive adults.”

National Child Labor Committee NCLC Organized April 25, 1904 1907 Chartered by Act of Congress Led by Florence Kelley, Lillian Ward, & Jane Addams Get children out of workplace and into school To spread reform: Fond du Lac photos National Child Labor Day Lovejoy and McKelway wrote about exploitation of children in workplace

Child Labor Facts 1890 census 1 million children 10-15 working Children young as 5 work 18-20 hours/day Glassworkers endure intense heat, Miners breath in dust, & Seafood workers cut their hands Worked in factories where machines could hurt them

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Background Incident occurred in the Brown Building Would be considered a sweat shop today One of the deadliest industrial disasters in the history of NY Company owners: Max Blanck and Isaac Harris Made women’s blouses

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Facts All female workers- mostly immigrants Youngest workers-14 year olds Kate Leone and Sara Maltese Worked 9 hour weekdays plus 7 hours on Saturdays Shirtwaist company was burned down on March 25, 1911 Worked on 8-10 floor so many jumped to their death Most victims died due to lack of safety features; locked doors, no smoke alarms, no evacuation plan

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Results 146 fatalities Lead to the reform of better protected workers American Society of Safety Engineers First large scale female strike Many reforms for women followed afterwards Blanck and Harris charged with 1st and 2nd degree manslaughter

Muller v. Oregon The Petitioner, Muller was found guilty of violating Oregon state statute that limited the length of the workday for women in laundry facilities. In 1903, women could only work for 10 hours long if working for laundry, factory, or mechanical manufacturing This law was created to allow the women to go home and take care of children instead of being at work all the time The Supreme Court ruled that women were a special class that need protection The women are treat the same as a child and were not completely competent to enter labor contracts

Muller v. Oregon Court case “The statute before the Court in Muller was an Oregon law passed in 1903 that set a maximum of ten hours a day for women employed in factories and laundries. The law was similar to laws passed in many states during what is known as the Progressive Era in an attempt to provide some protection for workers from the harsh consequences of industrialization. The Supreme Court had upheld a similar law for miners in Holden v. Hardy (1898) but then in Lochner v. New York (1905) had struck down a New York law limiting the working day for bakery workers to 10 hours per day. The Court's decision in Lochner put all protective labor legislation limiting the hours of work in jeopardy. The question before the court in each of these cases was whether the state laws, passed pursuant to states' power to protect the health, welfare, and safety of its citizens, interfered with individuals' "freedom of contract" under the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. The phrase "freedom of contract" does not appear in the 14th Amendment. The Court read it into the "due process" clause of Section 1 of the 14th Amendment. In addition to the traditional understanding of due process as a guarantee of correct judicial procedure, the Court in this era read the protection against deprivation of "life, liberty, or property without due process to law" to include a property right in one's labor ("freedom of contract").” Muller v. Oregon, 208 U. S. 412 (1908)

Florence Kelley Social reformer,political activist that helped women and children against the government regulations

Bunting v. Oregon “No person shall be employed in any mill, factory or manufacturing establishment in this state more than ten hours in any one day, except watchmen and employees when engaged in making necessary repairs, or in case of emergency, where life or property is in imminent danger; provided, however, employees may work overtime not to exceed three hours in any one day, conditioned that payment be made for said overtime at the rate of time and one-half of the regular wage," -People will not work more then 10 hours in any work day. -This included men and women -Another problem involved was minimum wage and how it should be changed -Wasn’t changed until about 20 years later.

Workers Compensation Work conditions were so bad and people were getting hurt on the job. Very significant in history. Set the stage for government programs such as unemployment insurance and old-age pension.

Lochner v. New York Joseph Lochner was a baker in New York Fined for $50 because he let a worker work for more than 60 hours in one week In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Supreme Court ruled that a New York law setting maximum working hours for bakers was unconstitutional. The Court held that the Constitution prohibits states from interfering with most employment contracts because the right to buy and sell labor is a fundamental freedom protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision, and the resulting "Lochner era" it ushered in, led to the abrogation of many progressive era and Great Depression laws regulating working conditions. In 1937, the Supreme Court overturned Lochner in West Coast Hotel v. Parrish.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act: In the 1900’s about 2 million children were working Used the governments power power to regulate child labor Banned all sales from companies who employed workers under the age of 14 The Act was passed by Congress and President Woodrow Wilson; however The Supreme court deemed the Act unconstitutional Named after its sponsors; Edward Keating and Robert Lamath Owen Created a board consisting of the US Attorney General, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Labor Was ruled unconstitutional by The Supreme Court in 1918

Work Cited http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/landmark_lochner.html http://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/constitutional-law/constitutional-law-keyed-to-chemerinsky/economic-liberties/muller-v-oregon-2/ http://www.hist.umn.edu/~bywelke/Muller%20v%20Oregon.htm http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/triangle-shirtwaist-fire-in-new- york-city http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=59 http://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5309 http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/243/426/