Labelling theory key word fill in Rapid recall Labelling theory key word fill in

Neo-Marxism Inspired Traditional Marxism (late 19th century) Marx wrote little about crime 5 key traditionally Marxist ideas – 1 2 3 4 5 Neo-Marxist subcultural theory e.g. CCCS New Criminology= Marxism + Interactionism 1970s Paved the way for other approaches which all shared a critical view. They are all united in their understanding of crime as a phenomenon more representative of the authorities that define it than of actual criminals.

Neo-Marxism Inspired Traditional Marxism (late 19th century) Marx wrote little about crime 5 key traditionally Marxist ideas – 1 2 3 4 5 Neo-Marxist subcultural theory e.g. CCCS New Criminology= Marxism + Interactionism 1970s Paved the way for other approaches which all shared a critical view. They are all united in their understanding of crime as a phenomenon more representative of the authorities that define it than of actual criminals.

The key elements of the Marxist / critical criminological approach - The basis of the criminal law Who does it benefit and how? How does criminal law protect the above group? Law creation and the dominant hegemony -What does ‘dominant hegemony’ mean? How do the ruling class impose their values on the rest of society? Crime and control How do the agents of law enforcement help with social control? The key elements of the Marxist / critical criminological approach - Individual Motivation -How is crime individually motivated? Law enforcement -Why don’t laws which could benefit the majority of the population end up doing so?

The key elements of the Marxist / critical criminological approach - The basis of the criminal law Who does it benefit and how? All laws are for the benefit of the ruling class and reflect their interests. Violent crime is bad but happens via the state as a form of control e.g. the army and police. How does criminal law protect the above group? Snider argues laws aren’t passed which go against the interests of big business as govts put in a lot to attract them. E.g. UK and USA response to banking crisis – bail them out – very few actual persecutions/ . The rich stop the govt closing loopholes e.g. tax havens. Owen Jones quotes figures stating that tax avoidance could cost as much 20 times more than benefit fraud – but punitive laws only exist for benefit fraud. The key elements of the Marxist / critical criminological approach - Law creation and the dominant hegemony -What does ‘dominant hegemony’ mean? How do the ruling class impose their values on the rest of society? When the ruling class impose their values it creates a ruling class ideology. Done through agencies of social control. Causes peipole to believe for example that benefits scourngers are a massive problem. E.g. You Giv pole in 2013 showed that on avergae people thought that 27% of social secuity claims were fraudulant when in relasity it is more like 0.7%

The key elements of the Marxist / critical criminological approach - Law enforcement -Why don’t laws which could benefit the majority of the population end up doing so? Laws have the ability benefit people other than rich, but because of how they are interpreted and enforced they don’t end up doing this. e.g. Snider point to the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill – huge disaster with environmental + health consequences but only sanction was financial- didn’t match with the results of the disaster. H&S- difficult to convict when an organisation is responsible for a disaster- easier when it is individuals. E.g. the use of the drug thalidomide given to pregnant women in the 50s- caused birth defects (originally used for morning sickness) There were delays in its withdrawal and no individual was ever prosecuted. Also- Rana Plaza a textiles factory in Bangladesh that was structurally unsound, there were 1,129 deaths– we will cover in State crimes White collar crime is often not prosecuted – difficulties with detection e.g. the MPS expenses scandal in 2009. most were imply required to pay the money back – only 4 went to prison. However many white collar offenders are not actually members of the ruling class – but work for them. The key elements of the Marxist / critical criminological approach - Individual Motivation (the causes of offending) Capitalism is based on competition, selfishness and greed – affects attitudes. Crime is a normal outcomes of society based on these things. Crime is a way of getting on in this system – particularly so for w.class whose income is insufficient to meet needs. -How is crime individually motivated? Marxists say that it isn’t – even non-material crimes are not explained in an individual way. Lack of opportunity creates crime. Crime and control How do the agents of law enforcement help with social control? The expolitatr8ve nature of capitalism focuses on some groups as criminals – they say we need protection from them e.g. W.class through stop and search. Reiman - Crime is routinely portrayed as a moral failing rather than a social interest . These ideas suggest that the poor are poor because they deserve to be – lazy. Links to new right ideas and the culture of poverty. The population therefore support even stronger crack downs on the poor and criminals rather than changing society. The victims of capitalism are blamed not the system

Rapid recall What is the name given to the broad range of approaches to criminology which are critical of the role of the authorities in crime? How much did Karl Marx write about crime and deviance? How many traditionalist Marxist ideas are there about C+D? How do the ruling class impose their values on the rest of society? The basis of criminal law- according to figures quoted by Owen Jones how much more might tax avoidance cost when compared with benefit fraud? How does the above figure help to explain the traditional Marxist idea about ‘the basis of criminal law’?

Criticisms …

Phil Cohen (1972) skinheads Specific strand of Marxism that focusses on working class subcultures and crime. According to writers from the centre for contemporary cultural studies; capitalism maintains control over the majority of the population in two ways: Ideological dominance (through the media) Economic pressures (jobs – mortgages) Only those groups on the margins of society are not locked into the above and are therefore able to show some resistance to capitalism – working class youth. Brake (1980) – this resistance is demonstrated through working class subcultures, which share the following characteristics – Clothes Language Awareness of their position within the capitalist system Describes this awareness as ‘magical’ – in that it forms an illusion that they have solved their problem when in reality they haven’t. Each generation of such boys experiences the same inequality, but in different circumstances as society changes. The constant being the that they continue to be exploited by the ruling class. Each generation expresses its resistance through clothes, music etc. Neo-Marxist Subcultural Theory Phil Cohen (1972) skinheads Style of dress- Why did they dress this way?- Lifestyle- Awareness of their position in the capitalist system- Language – How this showed a form of resistance-

Rapid recall Complete the following – The basis of …. Law creation and the dominant … Crime and… Law… Individual … According to the neo-Marxist subcultural theorist Brake what do groups on the margins of society who are not locked into ideological dominance and economic pressures do?

Criticisms of Marxist subcultural theory … 1. There is bias in their analysis of subcultures…. This is an important criticism because… (try to use evidence to support) 2. Ignores the variation of subcultures…. This is an important criticism because… (try to use evidence to support)

Critical Criminologies Critical criminology studies crime as a means by which governments can exert power over people, especially in oppressive regimes that must nevertheless maintain a veneer of legitimacy. In other words, illegal behaviour is not necessarily criminalistic: it may instead reflect a government vying for legal control over a subject rather than true deviance on the part of the one committing the crime. Today critical criminology exists as several schools of thought that are united in their understanding of crime as a phenomenon more representative of the authorities that define it than of actual criminals. Features that all critical criminologists have in common- It sees existing societies and their criminal justice system as exploitative and unfair + in need of change. It doesn’t accept exisiting laws as being fair, or as being an objective measure of social harm. Some critical criminologists suggest an approach called Zemiology – studying social harm rather than law breaking. Task – Identify an issue to do with crime and deviance and describe the problem from a critical criminological perspective.

Criticisms …

? Marxism and crime Interactionism and crime The Capitalist system is to blame for crime and deviance; from establishing laws which favour the ruling class to focussing the attentions of law enforcements agents on the working classes. Crime allows peoples attentions to be moved away from the exploitation of the working class. The capitalist system has to be removed for the problems to be solved. ?

New criminology = Interactionism+ Marxism In order to understand why crime takes place – Must look at the wider capitalist system. Important to use interactionist ideas to see how the behaviour of victim, offender, media and CJS all interact to influence how the situation develops. Need to be more critical of the current capitalist order – seek out and explain crimes of the rich. Use a Left Realist position in part to understand the criminal and his/her relationship to the capitalist system. LR’s believe that it’s better to work within capitalism to improve people’s lives, than to attempt wholesale social change. Criticisms- Traditional Marxists argue that the New Criminology strayed too far from the Marxist tradition. Feminist criminologists pointed out that there was absolutely no specific discussion of the power of patriarchy in the analysis. Methodologically too difficult to apply the perspective as it’s so complicated. Stuart Hall ‘Policing the Crisis’ How did he follow the New Criminology model?

Criticisms … Feminist criminologists argue that there is no discussion of the power of patriarchy…. This is just a continuation of the malstream approach taken in criminology more broadly. This is an important criticism because… (try to use evidence to support) Although women are far less evident in criminal statistics there ahs been an increase since the 1970s – break down of the traditional role of women – more opportunities to commit crime. Therefore the new criminology should look at women more now. Gives a far too romantic view of criminals …. Viewed as politically motivated protesters against injustice, however, it doesn’t really explain the crimes of people like muggers. This is an important criticism because… (try to use evidence to support) You could argue that it has given rise to Left Realist explanations- these focus on working within the existing system to bring about change as opposed to just criticising it. 3. There are problems with the methodology…. Applying the approach is very difficult, only real attempt was by Stuart Hall. This is an important criticism because… (try to use evidence to support) Paved the way for an approach which attempted to look at social structures as well as individual motivation at the same time.

Neo-Marxism Inspired Traditional Marxism (late 19th century) Marx wrote little about crime 5 key traditionally Marxist ideas – 1 2 3 4 5 Neo-Marxist subcultural theory e.g. CCCS New Criminology= Marxism + Interactionism 1970s Paved the way for other approaches which all shared a critical view. They are all united in their understanding of crime as a phenomenon more representative of the authorities that define it than of actual criminals.

What is the name given to the broad range of approaches to criminology which are critical of the role of the authorities in crime? How much did Karl Marx write about crime and deviance? How many traditionalist Marxist ideas are there about C+D? How do the ruling class impose their values on the rest of society? According to Neo-Marxist Subcultural theorist Brake, how do subcultures show their resistance to the capitalist system that exploits them? (3 aspects) Give one example of the above type of subculture. Identify 1 criticism of neo-Marxist subcultural theory. What do all critical criminological approaches have in common? What is zemiology? What is the New Criminology? Identify a key group of New Criminologists (not Stuart Hall) How does Stuart Hall’s study ‘Policing the crisis’ help to demonstrate the New Criminological approach? Identify one criticism of the New Criminology.

Mini test What is a left realist? What is The New Criminology? Identify two criticisms of the above approach. What is the difference between Critical Criminology and New Criminology?

Why might a state break it’s own laws and even international laws? Ross (2000) states may do this to protects themselves or the interests of major capitalist corporations. There are different types committed by the state- Direct (commission) and Indirect (omission) actions of the state (it’s agencies)- What is direct involvement in crime ? Give two examples- What is indirect involvement? Give two examples – Crimes committed by one country against another – Why might they do this? Give two examples-

Why is it difficult to study crimes of the state? Green and Ward – problems with defining crime – How could the case of Mark Dougan be an example of this? How do we get round this? The answer = Human Rights Example- Tombs and Whyte (2007) States prevent Sociologists from studying the issue – Example –

How does Capitalism maintain control over the majority of the population? Ideological dominance Economic pressure (people keep their jobs for pay) *each generation expressed this resistance in different ways. Which groups aren’t sold by these? What do the people who are not sold on these? Brake 1980- Criticisms –

Review: Critical Criminologies Define the term critical criminologies Define the term new criminology Define the term left realism According to Ross (2000) states may commit crimes to protect themselves or the interests of capitalist corporations. Identify the three different types of state crime. Explain two problems with studying crimes of the state.