PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Who were the Progressives? What reforms did they seek? How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

Progressivism WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era” 1901 1917 WHO? “Progressives” urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women WHY? Address the problems arising from: industrialization (big business, labor strife) urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption) immigration (ethnic diversity) inequality & social injustice (women & racism)

HOW? Progressivism Democracy – government accountable to the people WHAT are their goals? Democracy – government accountable to the people Regulation of corporations & monopolies Social justice – workers, poor, minorities Environmental protection HOW? Government (laws, regulations, programs) Efficiency value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution P wikipedia

Origins of Progressivism “Muckrakers” Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890) Ida Tarbell – “The History of the Standard Oil Co.” (1902) Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904) Wadsworth.com; http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jsteffens.htm Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens

MUNICIPAL & STATE REFORMS

MUNICIPAL REFORM municipal reform: How cities were run utilities - water, gas, electricity, trolleys Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910 "Big Tim" Sullivan, a New York City ward boss, rewarded "repeat voters" with a new pair of shoes. Sullivan once explained, "When you've voted ‘em with their whiskers on, you take ‘em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote ‘em again…Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote ‘em a third time with the mustache…[Then] clean off the mustache and vote ‘em plain face. That makes every one of ‘em for four votes." (Library of Congress) Pageant 13e Reader’s Companion Shoe line - Bowery men with gifts from ward boss Tim Sullivan, February, 1910

strong mayor system MUNICIPAL REFORM MAYOR COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY SERVICES council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913) COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY MANAGER CITY SERVICES

STATE POLITICAL REFORM secret ballots direct primary Robert M. LaFollette Seventeenth Amendment (1913) Direct Election of Senators initiative referendum recall Wadsworth.com Robert M. LaFollette, Wisconsin Governor 1900-06

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS professional social workers settlement houses - education, culture, day care child labor laws Enable education & advancement for working class children

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS workplace & labor reforms eight-hour work day improved safety & health conditions in factories workers compensation laws minimum wage laws unionization child labor laws Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913

State Social Reform: Child Labor “Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911 Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908 (1) Description: Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908. Photographer, Lewis W. Hine; Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail272.html (2) Description: Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908. The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily . photographer, Lewis W. Hine;Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail273.html (3) The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal. Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal, as attested by this 1911 headline. (Library of Congress); Pageant 13e History Companion (4) Lewis W. Hine. Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911.;"On other side of shed still younger children were working. Out of sixty working,... I counted 15 apparently under 12 years of age. Some 3, 4, and 5 years old were picking too.... Boss said they went to work at 3 A.M. and would quit about 3 or 4 P.M." ; PBS American Photography Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911 Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908

Settlement Houses Settlement Houses Hull-House – Jane Addams Hull House today: http://cpl.lib.uic.edu/004chicago/timeline/hullhouse.html; http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/addams/aa_addams_subj_e.html; (1906 picture) http://tigger.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/urbanexp/main.cgi?file=img/show_gallery.ptt&gallery=3 Jane Addams (1905) Hull-House Complex in 1906

TEMPERANCE Temperance Crusade Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Anti-Saloon League Frances Willard (1838-98), leader of the WCTU http://prohibition.osu.edu/Willard/; http://prohibition.history.ohio-state.edu/asl/OhioDry1.htm Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION Eighteenth Amendment Henretta, America’s History 4e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

ESSENTIAL QUESTION To what extent did economic and political developments as well as the assumptions about the nature of women affect the position of American women during the period 1890-1925? (1997 DBQ)

WOMEN “women’s professions” “new woman” http://www.nmwh.org/ProgressiveEra/gfwcpictures.html A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in 1894. Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.) The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food, nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

Women’s Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Carrie Chapman Catt Wadsworth.com Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, 1912

Woman suffrage before 1920 Thomson Wadsworth Wadsworth.com

Women’s Suffrage Alice Paul National Woman’s Party Nineteenth Amendment Equal Rights Amendment Suffragette Banner 1918 Description: Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house. The first picket line - College day in the picket line line, 1917;Credit: Library of Congress. http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail294.html; Description: The 19th amendment; Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail317.html 19th Amendment National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917 (All: Library of Congress)