Chinese Communist Revolution

Who is Sun Yat-sen? What were his goals? 1911 - Sun Yat-sen was first provisional president of China set forth his “Three Principles of the People” -Nationalism - pride no foreigners -Democracy - vote for leaders -Livelihood - decent living for all

Unable to achieve his goals due to civil war Sun appointed Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) to lead the Nationalist party (Kuomintang or Guomindang). Sun died in 1925 & Chiang took over

Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the Communist Party in the 1930s. Nationalist armies forced the Communists (100,000) to retreat - LONG MARCH - 2 years & 6,000 miles only 20,000 survived but it showed Communist strength & dedication and peasant support increased. Finally in 1949 Mao drove Chiang Kai-shek and his supporters from mainland China. Chiang retreated to the island of Taiwan (Formosa). This created “Two Chinas:” Mao’s Communist China and Chiang’s Nationalist China on Taiwan.

The Communist gain power in 1949 Reasons for Communist Success Promised peasant’s land Felt foreigners were taking over More rights for women Nationalistic government was corrupt Felt Nationalist allowed foreigners to dominate China

Communism under Mao Zedong What changes does Mao Zedong make in China? 1949 the communist set up the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Set up a totalitarian govt. 1949 by 1951 “Reign of Terror” up to 1 million killed. Mao set up a one-party dictatorship the denied people basic rights and freedoms.

The Changing Role of Women Chinese women gained some rights under communism. However, they never gained full equality. Very few women were able to acquire top government jobs, and most women did not get paid as much as men who did the same work.

Mao’s Policies: goal increase economic productivity Communists began land reform policy - collective farms/no more private ownership of land. He called on the people to increase agricultural and industrial output 1958 Great Leap Forward Economic Plan Collective farms were merged together into large units called communes eliminate class system. The commune provided housing, food, school, etc. govt. control.

The Great Leap Forward failed. Commune-based industries turned out poorly made goods. At the same time, agricultural output declined and created famine. Failure of the Great Leap Forward led to deep divisions in the Communist Party Moderates-led by Deng Xiaoping Radicals-led by Mao

In 1966, Mao began the Cultural Revolution to renew people’s loyalty to communism and establish a more equitable society. He shut down schools and universities throughout China. Red Guard: made up of students loyal to Mao Rallies & Forced many to admit to not being fully loyal -much violence, closes to the outside world Army called in by Mao to restore order

Program The Great Leap Forward The Cultural Revolution Goals Increase farm and factory output Renew communist loyalties Methods Communes Production quotas Red Guards attack professors and other officials Results Program fails Two years of hunger and low production Economy slows China closes to outside world People fear arrest Civil war threatened

Communism under Deng Xiaoping In 1976, Mao died. Deng Xiaoping took control. His leadership brought more economic freedom but little political change.

Economic Reforms: The Four Modernizations To Make China a more modern country, Deng promoted foreign trade and more contact with western nations. He also introduced the “The Four Modernizations” These were concentrated in four areas. • Farming methods were modernized and mechanized • Industry was upgraded and expanded • Science and technology were promoted and developed • Defense systems and military forces were improved

Limited privatization Deng got rid of communes Limited privatization Deng got rid of communes. Allowed land to be leased to individual farmers. After delivering a certain amount of food to government, farmers could grow anything they wished and sell for profit. Increased agricultural output. Govt. allowed some private businesses to produce goods and offer services.

Foreign investment Deng welcomed foreign technology and capital Foreign investment Deng welcomed foreign technology and capital. Set up special enterprise zones where foreigners could own and operate businesses.

Results of Reforms Deng’s policies had both positive and negative results. • The economy grew – higher standard of living • Foreign relations improved • Crime and corruption grew • Gap grew between rich and poor • Some Chinese demanded greater political freedom

Tiananmen Square Government was willing to grant economic reforms but not political ones. In May 1989, demonstrators gathered in Tiananmen Square, demanding more rights and freedoms. They refused to disperse as ordered, the government sent in troops and tanks. Thousands of Chinese were killed or wounded. This shows how important it was for China’s communist leaders to maintain control. Order was more important than political freedom. During the 1990s, efforts were made to force China to end human rights violations. Efforts had limited effects.

"Tank Man" temporarily stops the advance of a column of tanks on June 4, 1989, in Beijing

Lady Liberty

Social Changes Freedom of marriage law (1950)-children did not have to accept their parent’s choice for a spouse. Must control overpopulation- -Begin a “one family-one child policy” (1987) newlyweds must agree -Women’s rights have increased -Equal pay for equal work (not followed) -May own property *China Ends One-Child Policy, Allowing Families Two Children effective from 1 January 2016

Return of Hong Kong In 1842, Britain gained the island of Hong Kong Under British rule -modernized and became wealthy 1980s Britain and China decided to return Hong Kong July 1 1997, Hong Kong was turned over to China China agreed to keep economic system for 50 years *The full official name, after 1997, is "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China".