The Byzantine Empire

1. What’s happening in this picture? 2. Where are these events occurring?

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 5-5, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions Daily Focus Skills Transparency 5-5, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions 3. Which part of the empire was Gaul a part of? 4. Which part of the empire was Greece a part of? 5. What is the name of the area that Greece is located in? 6. What was the capital of the Eastern Empire? 7. Use the map on the next page. What name does this city become in the Middle Ages? 8. See slide 15 to find out what is the city’s name today.

Political Influences 476: Germanic tribes conquered the old Roman Empire Territories

Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions Daily Focus Skills Transparency 5-5, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions 9. What tribes are attacking Rome? 10. What tribes are attacking the Eastern half? 11. Which half of the Roman Empire is being attacked the most? 12. What will these attacks lead to?

The Fall of the Roman Empire By 395 AD, Diocletian had divided the Roman Empire Byzantium = eastern empire Rome = western empire 476, Germanic forces from the north conquered the Western Roman Empire Byzantium survived for almost another 1000 years and carried on the Greco-Roman tradition.

The Middle Ages Middle Ages = European history between the fall of the Roman Empire (476) and the Modern Era (1450) Also called the Medieval Period (“Medium” is Latin for Middle; “aevum” is Latin for age) Early Middle Ages = 500 – 1000 C.E. High Middle Ages = 1000 – 1300 C.E. Late Middle Ages = 1300 – 1500 C.E.

The Middle Ages 13. When were the Middle Ages? 14. Define Middle Ages. 15. The Medieval Period is divided into what 3 parts?

4 Horsemen of the Appocalypse The Middle Ages Some believed that were also the times of the 4 Horsemen of the Appocalypse pestilence, war, famine, & death

Political Influences Dark Ages Early Middle Ages = Instability after Rome’s fall Lawlessness, corruption, political assassinations, & starvation No national government; local regional lords held the power Lords controlled estates through feudalism Constant fear of plunderers and robbers High inflation and low trade Dark Ages Early Middle Ages = 500-1000 C.E.

The Middle Ages 16. Write a paragraph describing the political situation in the Early Middle Ages.

Byzantine Empire 4th Century: Emperor Constantine established a capital at Constantinople Carried on Greco-Roman traditions in the East Strong Hellenistic culture Prosperous commercial center 2 emperors ruled Eastern/Western halves of the Roman Empire Initially, official language was Latin 6th century: Greek became the official language

Byzantine Empire Eastern ½ of the Roman Empire = Byzantium Becomes the Byzantine Empire after Rome falls Survives almost 1,000 years after Rome’s collapse At 1st, the Byzantines controlled only a small area around the eastern Mediterranean Justinian (527-565), expanded & recovered much of the territory of the old Roman empire

Constantinople Constantinople was the capital of Byzantium for almost 1,000 years Largest city in Medieval Europe Major center of commerce Constantinople is Istanbul today

Constantinople 17. Why is the city walled? 18. What is this building? See slide 26

Constantinople Glencoe Chapter Transparency 9, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. The Golden Horn = inlet off of the Bosporus that forms a natural harbor

Use the map on slide 17 to answer the following questions on a sheet of notebook paper. 19. Which 2 larger bodies of water are connected by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles? 20. Why is Constantinople in an ideal location for protection from attack? 21. Which rivers provided trading routes to inland areas of Europe and Asia?

Constantinople The Golden Horn

Justinian and Theodora Justinian = ruled as an autocrat Autocrat – ruler who has complete authority Justinian & Theodora created a huge Christian empire The empire reached its greatest size under their rule

The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian This map depicts the Empire at the death of Justinian I, who had reigned from 527 to 565 as sole Emperor, sometimes in concert, and sometimes in conflict, with his powerful wife Theodora.

Number the questions below 22-24 and answer them in your notes Daily Focus Skills Transparency 9-4, Copyright by the McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Number the questions below 22-24 and answer them in your notes

Byzantium = “The New Rome” Wealthy Produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine Traded for spices, ivory and precious stones Traders used the Silk Road and other trade routes Traders traveled as far as China and India

22. What products did the Byzantines trade? 23. Where did the Silk Road begin in the east? 24. Name 3 deserts the Silk Road goes around. 25. What sea’s eastern shore does the Silk Road end on?

Justinian and Theodora Sponsored a Rebuilding Program in Constantinople Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom)

Most buildings were built by architects Justinian selected 2 Greek mathematicians Results = combines Greek balance & proportion with Roman engineering skills Great central dome is supported by 4 corners

The walls and ceiling are lined with golden mosaics and windows Mosaics are pictures made of tiny pieces of cut glass and stone

The mosaics illustrate stories from the Old Testament and from local history

The Virgin and Child with Emperors Justinian (left) and Constantine (right)

26. What is Justinian holding? 27. What is Constantine holding? 28. What are the dome and walls lined with? 29. How does this affect the lighting in the building?

Religious Influences 500-800: Catholic Church debated several issues Was Jesus flesh, spirit or a combination of both? 2. Use of relics – bones/objects connected with saints

Religious Influences The Eastern Church disagreed with using relics and images. They were iconoclasts = image breakers Monks white-washed images of Jesus & the saints

Religious Influences 3. Romans believed that Rome should be the head of the Church because the apostle Peter spent his last years in Rome. 4. Byzantines didn’t accept Rome’s leadership of the Catholic Church

Disagreements led to a split in the Catholic Church 1054 – Schism = separation - Eastern Orthodox Church (Greek & Russian) - Western Catholic Church (Roman) Patriarch = the head of the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church Pope = the head of the Roman Catholic Church

Religious Influences Rome doesn’t believe priests should marry; Eastern Orthodox do Roman Catholics don’t accept divorce; Eastern Orthodox allow Roman Catholics worship in Latin Eastern Orthodox worship in Greek

Jesus Christ giving Saint Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven Jesus Christ giving Saint Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Catholic doctrine says that Jesus made Saint Peter the first pope. This established a link between Jesus and the papacy. The pope is viewed as the apostles’ heir. This doctrine gave the papacy tremendous power. The advantages taken by certain popes of this and other doctrines was later criticized by many Christian reformers. Fresco by Perugino Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York

What was the Schism of 1054? Name 3 issues the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics disagreed on.

Justinian and Theodora Rebuilt the Hippodrome Used for gladiator fights and chariot races

Justinian and Theodora Justinian I organized the first written compilation of Roman law Called The Justinian Code Influenced the development of the civil law system in many countries

32. What is happening in this slide? 33. What are the men doing? 34. Who are the men?

The Justinian Code Laws were fairer to women. They could own property and raise their own children after their husbands died. Children were allowed to choose their own marriage partners. Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters. Punishments were detailed and fit the crime Inspired the modern concept of “justice.”

35. Why was the Justinian Code important. 36 35. Why was the Justinian Code important? 36. Summarize 3 major achievements of Justinian

Byzantine Empire Classical and Christian Learning Roman Law Europe Classical and Christian Learning Roman Law Christianity Missionaries Europe Byzantine Empire Eastern Europe Constantinople Christian Art Europe Architecture Trade Conquests Asia Africa Middle East Europe West East

Islam spread throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe

The Crusades In the 7th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestine where Jesus Christ had lived and preached Muslims were tolerant let Christians/Jews and keep their faiths Christian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem Persecuted Christian pilgrims 1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert; Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the Muslim “infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands 1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics

The Crusades continued Between 1096-1212, there were 7 crusades 1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics & marched to fight/die for God 1st Crusade: (1096-1099) French, German, and Italian armies captured Jerusalem Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims & Jews; stole/ransacked goods Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding territories vulnerable Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa 2nd Crusade: (1147-1149) 2nd Crusade failed to win Edessa back Additionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in 1187 for the Muslims

The Crusades continued 3rd Crusade: (1189-1192) Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea captured the coastal cities unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

Muslim leader Established the Ayyubid Dynasty Very devout Legendary chivalry Defeated Europeans in the 2nd & 3rd Crusades Spared Jerusalem Made Cairo a vibrant medieval city Saladin (1138-1193)

The Crusades continued 4th Crusade (1202-1204) Venetian leaders used the opportunity to weaken their largest economic competitor Diverted Crusaders to Constantinople; sacked the city and ruled it until 1261 Byzantine army recaptured Constantinople in 1261 Byzantine Empire never regained their great power Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453

4th Crusade = 1204 Venetian merchants encouraged the Crusaders Jealous of Constantinople’s economic competition 1261, Byzantines regained control of the city Byzantine empire never regained its former glory “Limped along” until conquered by the Ottomans in 1453

What was the main effect of the Crusades?

Italian port cities prospered economically Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices, coffee, tea, science, and knowledge Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas 4th Crusade sacked Constantinople; weakened the Byzantine Empire Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe Broke down feudalism; Paved the way for the development of European nation-states Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust & enmity between Muslims &Christians

Religious Influences The Crusades

Crusaders sacked Constantinople

Collapse of the Byzantine Empire Mehmet II 1453 – the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople Constantinople was renamed Istanbul Istanbul = the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Constantine XI

37. What were the Crusades? 38. What caused the Crusades? 39. What were the results of the Crusades? 40. What was the result of the 4th Crusade? 41. Who was Saladin? 42. Who conquered Constantinople? 43. When did Constantinople fall?