Tang & Song China Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang spreads Buddhism to Tibet
Post Han Sui dynasty – return to dynastic imperialism / exams Period of disunity Decline of Confucian bureaucracy Buddhism enters & flourishes (why?) Sui dynasty – return to dynastic imperialism / exams Brief & violent – assassinations of both main emperors
Tang dynasty (618-907 CE) Li Yuan secures frontiers extends empire into Tibet, Manchuria & Vietnam – impact? Korea a tributary kingdom Importance of Buddhism leads to higher status for women Chinese weapons
Civil Servant system Rulers restored Confucian imperial bureaucracy Bureau of Censors evaluated all levels of bureaucracy Examinations become more regular & determine rank (examinations on Confucian works)
Tang Religious issues Tang rulers patronized Mah. Buddhist monasteries and Confucian schools Monasteries increased to 50,000! Monasteries untaxed; housed anyone Resented by Daoists & Confucians Later Emperor Wu began suppression of Buddhism & recovery of lands
“The three teachings are one!” Confucius, Laozi, Buddha (Zhu Xi – Neo-Confucian philosophy)
Developments Tang Grand Canal * Li Bo - poet Commercial shipping Early Junks Chang’an - Capital city of 2 million! State funded irrigation & canals Distribution of lands to peasants Better status for women
Tang decline Disruptions in royal family Empress Wu Later Emperor’s concubine issue Confucian discontent with powerful women A failed rebellion – An Lushan Nomads…regional govts/warlords
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Song Dynasty (960-1279) Partial restoration of empire Civil servants (scholar-gentry) limited milit growth; Exams continued but easier Bureaucracy became larger & less efficient though more open to lower classes Public welfare: clinics, retirement homes Postal service; theater
Song Developments Gunpowder Junks – more sophisticated Compasses for sea navigation Abacus Landscape painting at height Cartography/atlas Astronomical clock Paper banknotes (1st in the world)
Technology, science, and engineering Measuring distance and mechanical navigation Mathematics and cartography Movable type printing Hydraulic engineering Structural engineering and architecture Archaeology floating pontoon bridges
later Neo-Confucianism Hostile to outside ideas Tradition, social hierarchy, gender distinction more rigid – Male dominance Women – restricted to household / no education footbinding emerges- esp. among upper class
Decline & recentering & fall Military weakness Neighboring kingdoms demanded tribute Chancellor Wang attempts reforms: tax, land, businesses Govt conflict/struggle
Rise of Jin Empire (Jurchens/Manchurians) Conquered Liao Attacked Song, capt. Kaifeng (capital) Established “Beijing” as capital of Jin Fought Song; forced treaty Jin elite who moved into N. China became acculturated
Southern Song (1127-1279) Retreats below the Yangtze river because of the expansion of the Jin shipbuilding & maritime trade / permanent navy w/ catapults & gunpowder bombs Eventually falls to the Mongols who conquer the Jin, then the Song Although Jin had 70,000 men on 600 warships while Song had 3000 men on 120 warships – but Song better w/ bombs Eventually grew dramatically
Southern Song
(Next Unit - Enter the Mongols)
Korea How did China impact? How did Korea develop differently?
Korea China – writing, Buddhism, Confucianism, wood block printing, movable type Diff: writing system simplified to syllabic symbols Unified towards end of Tang Koryo family Friendly with Song because of fear of neighboring states (Liao)
Vietnam How did China impact? How did Vietnam develop differently?
Vietnam Eastern part of southeast Asia: Annam & Champa (parts developed with diff. influences) China Annam: Buddhism, Confucianism, rice Diff: Champa influenced by India & Malaysia through Indian Ocean trade; contrib. “champa rice” Higher status for women – NO FOOTBINDING! Early – tribute of Tang; later: friendly with Song
Japan How did China impact? How did Japan develop differently?
Japan Archipelago; only 11% arable land! China: Buddhism (Zen), Confucianism, government structure, building techniques; Mandate of Heaven Diff: Ceremonial emperor (tenno) No walled cities
Medieval Feudalism Western Europe Pope? King/kingdom High lords/barons Counts Knights Japan Emperor-ceremonial Shogun/shogunate Daimyo Bushi Samurai
Chivalry & Bushido What common values and expectations did these 2 codes of conduct have? To whom did the codes apply? Why did the codes develop?
Samurai fighting the Mongols
Influenced by Confucianism 義 – Gi – Rectitude 勇 – Yū – Courage 仁 – Jin – Benevolence 礼 – Rei – Respect 誠 – Makoto or 信 - Shin– Honesty 名誉 – Meiyo – Honor, Glory 忠義 – Chū – Loyalty Others that are sometimes added to these: 孝 - Kō - Filial piety 智 - Chi - Wisdom 悌 - Tei - Care for the aged -Translations from: Random House's Japanese-English, English-Japanese Dictionary Influenced by Confucianism