APES review sheet 1

4 most populous countries in the world China India United States Indonesia

Ecological footprints The land area required to support and individual in a particular region for a year. It will produce the resources they consume and assimilate the waste that they produce

Doubling Time = The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size (assuming that it’s growth rate (r) doesn’t change) Doubling time can identify a country as highly, moderate, or less developed. The shorter the doubling time the less developed the country! DT (doubling time) = 70/r

DT (doubling time) = 70/r 70 / 2 = 35 2012 + 35 = 2047 (70/2 )2 = 70 2012 + 70 = 2082

Resources Renewable Nonrenewable

Definitions TFR – amount of children a woman will have in her reproductive years Replacement fertility – babies produced to replace current population = 2.1 Infant mortality – children dying under age of 1 CBR – amount of births per 1000 in population CDR - amount of deaths per 1000 in population

Tragedy of the commons Harvesting a public space / common resource without thought of the future and only in your own self interest. Benefit is yours alone and negatives are shared by everyone Blue fin tuna fishing Harvesting of the Amazon rainforest Putting greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

(B-D) + (I – E) (4.5 – 2) + (1 - .5) = 3%

Positive feedback A runaway cycle – often called vicious cycles A change in a certain direction provides output that further increases that change Change leads to increasing change – it accelerates deviation Example: Global warming Temperature increases  Ice caps melt Less Ice cap surface area  Less sunlight is reflected away from earth (albedo) More light hits dark ocean and heat is trapped Further temperature increase  Further melting of the ice

Solar radiation Energy in = Energy out Reflected by atmosphere (34%) UV radiation Absorbed by ozone by the earth Visible light Lower stratosphere (ozone layer) Troposphere Heat Greenhouse effect Radiated by atmosphere as heat (66%) Earth Heat radiated

Relative population size Birth rate and death rate Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transitional Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low High Relative population size (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Birth rate Death rate Total population Low growth rate Increasing growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Time

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Male Female Male Female Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+ © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Male Female Male Female Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+ © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Negative feedback One change leads to a result that lessens the original change Self regulating method of control leading to the maintenance of a steady state equilibrium Predator Prey is a classic Example Snowshoe hare population increases More food for Lynx  Lynx population increases Increased predation on hares  hare population declines Less food for Lynx  Lynx population declines Less predation  Increase in hare population

Remember hare’s prey and other predators also have an effect

Electromagnetic spectrum Highest Gamma X ray UV Visible IR Microwave Radio/TV Lowest

Visible Light Spectrum

Percentage surviving (log scale) 100 10 1 Age