Chapter 24 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890

The Train Station in Orizaba, Mexico, 1877 The Train Station in Orizaba, Mexico, 1877. In the last decades of the nineteenth century Mexico’s political leaders actively promoted economic development. The railroad became the symbol of this ideal. p658

Independence in Latin America, 1800–1830 Roots of Revolution, to 1810 Napoleon’s impact Spanish South America, 1810–1825 Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia Mexico, 1810–1823 Hidalgo’s rebellion and reaction 1823: Mexican Republic Brazil, to 1831

Chronology from 1800-1875 United States and Canada  Empty cell United States and Canada Mexico and Central America South America 1800 1789 U.S. Constitution ratified 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1812-1815 War of 1812 810-1821 Mexican movement for independence 1808 Portuguese royal family arrives in Brazil 1808-1809 Revolutions for independence begin in Spanish South America  1825 1836 Texas gains independence from Mexico 1845 Texas admitted as a state 1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York 1846- 1848 War between Mexico and the United States 1847- 1870 Caste War 1822 Brazil gains independence 1831 Brazil signs treaty with Great Britain to end slave trade. Illegal trade continues. 1850 1861-1865 Civil War 1867 Creation of Dominion of Canada 1857 Mexico's new constitution limits power of Catholic Church and military 1862-1867 French invade Mexico 1867 Emperor Maximilian executed 1850 Brazilian illegal slave trade suppressed 1865-1870 Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil wage war against Paraguay 1875 1876 Sioux and allies defeat U.S. Army in Battle of Little Bighorn 1890 "Jim Crow" laws enforce segregation in South 1890s United States becomes world's leading steel producer 1870s Governments of Argentina and Chile begin final campaigns against indigenous peoples 1879-1883 Chile wages war against Peru and Bolivia; telegraph, refrigeration, and barbed wire introduced in Argentina 1888 Abolition of slavery in Brazil Description of the table: A chronology of the U.S. and Canada, Mexico and Central America, and South America from 1800 to 1875. p661

Latin America by 1830 Map 24.1: Latin America by 1830. By 1830 patriot forces had overturned the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the Western Hemisphere. Regional conflicts, local wars, and foreign interventions challenged the survival of many of these new nations following independence. © Cengage Learning Map 24.1 p663

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla led the first stage of Mexico’s revolution for independence by rallying the rural masses. His defeat, trial, and execution made him one of Mexico’s most important political martyrs. p664

The Problem of Order, 1825–1890 Constitutional Experiments Constitutionalism Dominion of Canada Structural weakness in Latin America Personalist Leaders Andrew Jackson / Jose Antonio Paez

Dominion of Canada, 1873 Map 24.2: Dominion of Canada, 1873. Although independence was not yet achieved and settlement remained concentrated along the U.S. border, Canada had established effective political and economic control over its western territories by 1873. Map 24.2 p668

Territorial Growth of the United States, 1783–1853 Map 24.3: Territorial Growth of the United States, 1783–1853. The rapid western expansion of the United States resulted from aggressive diplomacy and warfare against Mexico and Amerindian peoples. Railroad development helped integrate the trans-Mississippi west and promote economic expansion. © Cengage Learning Map 24.3 p669

Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico. This painting by Edouard Manet shows the 1867 execution by firing squad of Maximilian and two of his Mexican generals. The defeat of the French intervention was a great triumph for Mexican patriots led by Benito Juárez. p671

The Problem of Order, 1825-1890 The Threat of Regionalism Secession and slavery American Confederacy Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars Dominant powers USA, Brazil, Chile, Argentina Native Peoples and the Nation-State Conquest and relocation of the Plains Maya revolt in Mexico

Navajo Leaders Gathered in Washington to Negotiate Navajo Leaders Gathered in Washington to Negotiate. As settlers pushed west in the nineteenth century, Amerindian peoples were forced to negotiate territorial concessions with the U.S. government. This photo shows Navajo leaders and their Anglo translators in Washington, D.C., in 1874. p672

The Challenge of Social and Economic Change The Abolition of Slavery Emancipation Proclamation 13th Amendment Immigration American Cultures Women’s Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice Slow progress in the Americas Continued racial discrimination

A Former Brazilian Slave Returns from Military Service A Former Brazilian Slave Returns from Military Service. The heroic actions of black freemen and slaves in the Paraguayan War (1865–1870) led many Brazilians to condemn slavery. The original caption for this drawing reads: “On his return from the war in Paraguay: Full of glory, covered with laurels, after having spilled his blood in defense of the fatherland and to free a people from slavery, the volunteer sees his own mother bound and whipped! Awful reality!” p675

Chinese Funeral in Vancouver, Canada Chinese Funeral in Vancouver, Canada. In the 1890s Vancouver was an important destination for Chinese immigrants. This photo shows how an important element of traditional Chinese culture thrived among the storefronts and streetcar lines of the late-Victorian Canadian city. p676

Arrest of Labor Activist in Buenos Aires Arrest of Labor Activist in Buenos Aires. The labor movement in Buenos Aires grew in numbers and became more radical with the arrival of tens of thousands of Italian and Spanish immigrants. Fearful of socialist and anarchist unions, the government of Argentina used an expanded police force to break strikes. p677

The Challenge of Social and Economic Change (continued) Development and Underdevelopment USA, Canada and Argentina Land, resources and immigrants Structural differences and inequality Altered Environments Urbanization Deforestation

Excavation of Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina Excavation of Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Relying on foreign capital and engineering, the government of Argentina improved the port to facilitate the nation’s rapidly expanding export economy. p679

Cuban sugar refinery showing mix of traditional and modern technologies Cuban sugar refinery showing mix of traditional and modern technologies. Sugar cane was delivered to the crushing mill by both ox carts and railroad lines. In the background, steam-driven machinery moves cane to a crusher. p680

The Expansion of the United States, 1850–1920 Map 24.4: The Expansion of the United States, 1850–1920. The settlement of western territories and their admission as states depended on migration, the exploitation of natural resources, and important new technologies like railroads and telegraphs that facilitated economic and political integration. Map 24.4 p681